Editing Jurassic (section)

=== Climatic events ===
==== Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event ====
{{Main|Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event}}
The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (TOAE), also known as the Jenkyns Event, was an episode of widespread [[Anoxic event|oceanic anoxia]] during the early part of the Toarcian Age, c. 183 Mya. It is marked by a globally documented high amplitude negative [[Carbon isotope ratio|carbon isotope]] excursion,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Them|first1=T.R.|last2=Gill|first2=B.C.|last3=Caruthers|first3=A.H.|last4=Gröcke|first4=D.R.|last5=Tulsky|first5=E.T.|last6=Martindale|first6=R.C.|last7=Poulton|first7=T.P.|last8=Smith|first8=P.L.|date=February 2017|title=High-resolution carbon isotope records of the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (Early Jurassic) from North America and implications for the global drivers of the Toarcian carbon cycle|journal=[[Earth and Planetary Science Letters]]|language=en|volume=459|pages=118–126|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2016.11.021|bibcode=2017E&PSL.459..118T|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ros-Franch |first1=Sonia |last2=Echevarría |first2=Javier |last3=Damborenea |first3=Susana E. |last4=Manceñido |first4=Miguel O. |last5=Jenkyns |first5=Hugh C. |last6=Al-Suwaidi |first6=Aisha |last7=Hesselbo |first7=Stephen P. |last8=Riccardi |first8=Alberto C. |date=1 July 2019 |title=Population response during an Oceanic Anoxic Event: The case of Posidonotis (Bivalvia) from the Lower Jurassic of the Neuquén Basin, Argentina |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018219301415 |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |volume=525 |pages=57–67 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.04.009 |bibcode=2019PPP...525...57R |hdl=11336/128130 |s2cid=146525666 |access-date=23 November 2022|hdl-access=free }}</ref> as well as the deposition of black [[shale]]s<ref name="WignallAndBond2008">{{cite journal |last1=Wignall |first1=Paul B. |last2=Bond |first2=David P. G. |date=2008 |title=The end-Triassic and Early Jurassic mass extinction records in the British Isles |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016787808802593 |journal=[[Proceedings of the Geologists' Association]] |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=73–84 |doi=10.1016/S0016-7878(08)80259-3 |bibcode=2008PrGA..119...73W |access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref> and the extinction and collapse of carbonate-producing marine organisms, associated with a major rise in global temperatures.<ref name="Reolid-2021">{{Cite journal|last1=Reolid|first1=Matías|last2=Mattioli|first2=Emanuela|last3=Duarte|first3=Luís V.|last4=Ruebsam|first4=Wolfgang|date=2021-09-22|title=The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event: where do we stand?|url=https://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/early/2021/09/21/SP514-2021-74|journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications|language=en|volume=514|issue=1|pages=1–11|doi=10.1144/SP514-2021-74|bibcode=2021GSLSP.514....1R|s2cid=238683028|issn=0305-8719}}</ref>

The TOAE is often attributed to the eruption of the Karoo-Ferrar large igneous provinces and the associated increase of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere, as well as the possible associated release of [[methane clathrate]]s.<ref name="Reolid-2021" /> This likely accelerated the [[hydrological cycle]] and increased [[Carbonate–silicate cycle|silicate weathering]], as evidenced by an increased amount of organic matter of terrestrial origin found in marine deposits during the TOAE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rodrigues |first1=Bruno |last2=Duarte |first2=Luís V. |last3=Silva |first3=Ricardo L. |last4=Mendonça Filho |first4=João Graciano |date=15 September 2020 |title=Sedimentary organic matter and early Toarcian environmental changes in the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018220302261 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=554 |page=109781 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109781 |bibcode=2020PPP...55409781R |s2cid=219059687 |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> Groups affected include ammonites,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dera |first1=Guillaume |last2=Neige |first2=Pascal |last3=Dommergues |first3=Jean-Louis |last4=Fara |first4=Emmanuel |last5=Laffont |first5=Rémi |last6=Pellenard |first6=Pierre |date=January 2010 |title=High-resolution dynamics of Early Jurassic marine extinctions: the case of Pliensbachian–Toarcian ammonites (Cephalopoda) |url=http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/lookup/doi/10.1144/0016-76492009-068 |journal=[[Journal of the Geological Society]] |language=en |volume=167 |issue=1 |pages=21–33 |doi=10.1144/0016-76492009-068 |bibcode=2010JGSoc.167...21D |s2cid=128908746 |issn=0016-7649}}</ref> [[ostracod]]s,<ref name="WignallAndBond2008" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arias |first1=Carmen |date=1 October 2013 |title=The early Toarcian (early Jurassic) ostracod extinction events in the Iberian Range: The effect of temperature changes and prolonged exposure to low dissolved oxygen concentrations |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018213003258 |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |volume=387 |pages=40–55 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.07.004 |bibcode=2013PPP...387...40A |access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref> [[foraminifera]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hess |first1=Silvia |last2=Nagy |first2=Jenő |last3=Laursen |first3=Gitte Vestergaard |date=28 January 2014 |title=Benthic foraminifera from the Lower Jurassic transgressive mudstones of the south-western Barents Sea—a possible high-latitude expression of the global Pliensbachian–Toarcian turnover? |journal=[[Polar Research]] |volume=33 |issue=1 |page=20206 |doi=10.3402/polar.v33.20206 |s2cid=128492520 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reolid |first1=Matías |last2=Copestake |first2=Philip |last3=Johnson |first3=Ben |date=15 October 2019 |title=Foraminiferal assemblages, extinctions and appearances associated with the Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event in the Llanbedr (Mochras Farm) Borehole, Cardigan Bay Basin, United Kingdom |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018219303980 |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |volume=532 |page=109277 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109277 |bibcode=2019PPP...53209277R |s2cid=200072488 |access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref> [[Bivalvia|bivalves]],<ref name="WignallAndBond2008" /> [[cnidaria]]ns, and especially [[Brachiopoda|brachiopods]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Danise |first1=Silvia |last2=Clémence |first2=Marie-Emilie |last3=Price |first3=Gregory D. |last4=Murphy |first4=Daniel P. |last5=Gómez |first5=Juan J. |last6=Twitchett |first6=Richard J. |date=15 June 2019 |title=Stratigraphic and environmental control on marine benthic community change through the early Toarcian extinction event (Iberian Range, Spain) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018218309258 |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |volume=524 |pages=183–200 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.03.039 |bibcode=2019PPP...524..183D |hdl=10026.1/13668 |s2cid=134835736 |access-date=23 November 2022|hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Caruthers|first1=Andrew H.|last2=Smith|first2=Paul L.|last3=Gröcke|first3=Darren R.|date=September 2013|title=The Pliensbachian–Toarcian (Early Jurassic) extinction, a global multi-phased event|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018213002344|journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]]|language=en|volume=386|pages=104–118|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.05.010|bibcode=2013PPP...386..104C}}</ref><ref name="VörösKocsisPálfy2016">{{cite journal |last1=Vörös |first1=Attila |last2=Kocsis |first2=Ádám |last3=Pálfy |first3=József |date=1 September 2016 |title=Demise of the last two spire-bearing brachiopod orders (Spiriferinida and Athyridida) at the Toarcian (Early Jurassic) extinction event |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018216302140#! |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=457 |pages=233–241 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.06.022 |bibcode=2016PPP...457..233V |access-date=29 October 2022}}</ref> for which the TOAE represented one of the most severe extinctions in their evolutionary history.<ref name="JoranBaeza-CarrataláGoy2018">{{cite journal |last1=Joran |first1=Fernando García |last2=Baeza-Carratalá |first2=José Francisco |last3=Goy |first3=Antonio |date=1 October 2018 |title=Changes in brachiopod body size prior to the Early Toarcian (Jurassic) Mass Extinction |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018218304644#! |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=506 |pages=242–249 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.06.045 |bibcode=2018PPP...506..242G |hdl=10045/77781 |s2cid=135368506 |access-date=29 October 2022|hdl-access=free }}</ref> While the event had significant impact on marine invertebrates, it had little effect on marine reptiles.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Maxwell|first1=Erin E.|last2=Vincent|first2=Peggy|date=2015-11-06|title=Effects of the early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event on ichthyosaur body size and faunal composition in the Southwest German Basin|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2015.34|journal=Paleobiology|volume=42|issue=1|pages=117–126|doi=10.1017/pab.2015.34|s2cid=131623205|issn=0094-8373}}</ref> During the TOAE, the [[Sichuan Basin]] was transformed into a giant [[lake]], probably three times the size of modern-day [[Lake Superior]], represented by the Da'anzhai Member of the [[Ziliujing Formation]]. The lake likely [[Carbon sequestration|sequestered]] ~460 gigatons (Gt) of organic carbon and ~1,200 Gt of inorganic carbon during the event.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Xu|first1=Weimu|last2=Ruhl|first2=Micha|last3=Jenkyns|first3=Hugh C.|last4=Hesselbo|first4=Stephen P.|last5=Riding|first5=James B.|last6=Selby|first6=David|last7=Naafs|first7=B. David A.|last8=Weijers|first8=Johan W. H.|last9=Pancost|first9=Richard D.|last10=Tegelaar|first10=Erik W.|last11=Idiz|first11=Erdem F.|date=February 2017|title=Carbon sequestration in an expanded lake system during the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2871|journal=[[Nature Geoscience]]|language=en|volume=10|issue=2|pages=129–134|doi=10.1038/ngeo2871|bibcode=2017NatGe..10..129X|issn=1752-0894|hdl=10871/24965|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Seawater [[pH]], which had already substantially decreased prior to the event, increased slightly during the early stages of the TOAE, before dropping to its lowest point around the middle of the event.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Müller|first1=Tamás|last2=Jurikova|first2=Hana|last3=Gutjahr|first3=Marcus|last4=Tomašových|first4=Adam|last5=Schlögl|first5=Jan|last6=Liebetrau|first6=Volker|last7=Duarte|first7=Luís v.|last8=Milovský|first8=Rastislav|last9=Suan|first9=Guillaume|last10=Mattioli|first10=Emanuela|last11=Pittet|first11=Bernard|date=2020-12-01|title=Ocean acidification during the early Toarcian extinction event: Evidence from boron isotopes in brachiopods|journal=Geology|language=en|volume=48|issue=12|pages=1184–1188|doi=10.1130/G47781.1|bibcode=2020Geo....48.1184M|issn=0091-7613|doi-access=free|hdl=10023/20595|hdl-access=free}}</ref> This [[ocean acidification]] is the probable cause of the collapse of carbonate production.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Trecalli|first1=Alberto|last2=Spangenberg|first2=Jorge|last3=Adatte|first3=Thierry|last4=Föllmi|first4=Karl B.|last5=Parente|first5=Mariano|date=December 2012|title=Carbonate platform evidence of ocean acidification at the onset of the early Toarcian oceanic anoxic event|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012821X12005390|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|language=en|volume=357–358|pages=214–225|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2012.09.043|bibcode=2012E&PSL.357..214T}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ettinger|first1=Nicholas P.|last2=Larson|first2=Toti E.|last3=Kerans|first3=Charles|last4=Thibodeau|first4=Alyson M.|last5=Hattori|first5=Kelly E.|last6=Kacur|first6=Sean M.|last7=Martindale|first7=Rowan C.|date=2020-09-23|editor-last=Eberli|editor-first=Gregor|title=Ocean acidification and photic-zone anoxia at the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event: Insights from the Adriatic Carbonate Platform|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/sed.12786|journal=Sedimentology|volume=68|language=en|pages=63–107|doi=10.1111/sed.12786|s2cid=224870464|issn=0037-0746}}</ref> Additionally, anoxic conditions were exacerbated by enhanced recycling of [[phosphorus]] back into ocean water as a result of high ocean acidity and temperature inhibiting its mineralisation into apatite; the abundance of phosphorus in marine environments caused further eutrophication and consequent anoxia in a positive feedback loop.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Papadomanolaki |first1=Nina M. |last2=Lenstra |first2=Wytze K. |last3=Wolthers |first3=Mariette |last4=Slomp |first4=Caroline P. |author-link4=Caroline Slomp|date=1 July 2022 |title=Enhanced phosphorus recycling during past oceanic anoxia amplified by low rates of apatite authigenesis |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=8 |issue=26 |pages=eabn2370 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abn2370 |pmid=35776794 |bibcode=2022SciA....8N2370P |hdl=1874/421467 |s2cid=250218660 |doi-access=free |pmc=10883373 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==== End-Jurassic transition ====
{{Main|Tithonian extinction event}}

The end-Jurassic transition was originally considered one of eight mass extinctions, but is now considered to be a complex interval of faunal turnover, with the increase in diversity of some groups and decline in others, though the evidence for this is primarily European, probably controlled by changes in eustatic sea level.<ref name="Tennant-2016">{{Cite journal|last1=Tennant|first1=Jonathan P.|last2=Mannion|first2=Philip D.|last3=Upchurch|first3=Paul|date=2016-09-02|title=Sea level regulated tetrapod diversity dynamics through the Jurassic/Cretaceous interval|url=|journal=[[Nature Communications]]|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=12737|bibcode=2016NatCo...712737T|doi=10.1038/ncomms12737|issn=2041-1723|pmc=5025807|pmid=27587285}}</ref>