Editing Judo (section)

===Kata (forms)===
{{See also|Kata}}
[[File:Hiki-otoshi.jpg|thumb|[[Jigoro Kano]] and [[Yamashita Yoshitsugu]] performing ''Koshiki-no-kata'']]

{{nihongo3|kata|形|Kata|forms}} are pre-arranged patterns of techniques and in judo. With the exception of elements of the ''[[Seiryoku Zen'yo Kokumin Taiiku no Kata|Seiryoku-Zen'yō Kokumin-Taiiku]]'', they are all practised with a partner. Their purposes include illustrating the basic principles of judo, demonstrating the correct execution of a technique, teaching the philosophical tenets upon which judo is based, allowing for the practice of techniques that are not allowed in randori, and to preserve ancient techniques that are historically important but are no longer used in contemporary judo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mrother/What_is_a_Kata.html|title=What is a Kata?|work=umich.edu|access-date=March 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219195403/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mrother/What_is_a_Kata.html|archive-date=February 19, 2015}}</ref>

There are ten kata that are recognized by the Kodokan today:<ref>For a review of the ten official Kodokan kata, see Jones and Hanon (2010)</ref>

* {{nihongo3|''[[Randori-no-kata]]''|乱取りの形||Free practice forms}}, comprising two kata:
** {{nihongo3|''[[Nage-no-kata]]''|投の形||Forms of throwing}} Fifteen throws, practiced both left- and right-handed, three each from the five categories of ''nage waza'': ''te waza'', ''koshi waza'', ''ashi waza'', ''ma sutemi waza'' and ''yoko sutemi waza''.<ref>Kano (1994) pp. 148–159; Otaki and Draeger, pp. 73–109, 139–266</ref>
** {{nihongo3|''[[Katame-no-kata]]''|固の形||Forms of grappling or holding}}. Fifteen techniques in three sets of five, illustrating the three categories of ''katame waza'': ''osaekomi waza'', ''shime waza'' and ''kansetsu waza''.<ref>Kano (1994) pp. 160–172; Otaki and Draeger, pp. 110–138, 267–405</ref>
* {{nihongo3|''[[Kime-no-kata]]''|極の形||Forms of decisiveness}}. Twenty techniques, illustrating the principles of defence in a combat situation, performed from kneeling and standing positions. Attacks are made unarmed and armed with a dagger and a sword. This kata utilises ''atemi waza'', striking techniques, that are forbidden in randori.<ref>Kano (1994) pp. 173–191</ref>
* {{nihongo3|''[[Kodokan Goshin Jutsu|Kōdōkan goshinjutsu]]''|講道館護身術||Kodokan skills of self-defence}}. The most recent recognised kata, comprising twenty-one techniques of defence against attack from an unarmed assailant and one armed with a knife, stick and pistol. This kata incorporates various jujutsu techniques such as wrist locks and ''atemi waza''.<ref>Kano (1994) pp. 192–203</ref>
* {{nihongo3|''[[Ju-no-kata|Jū-no-kata]]''|柔の形||Forms of gentleness & flexibility}}. Fifteen techniques, arranged in three sets of five, demonstrating the principle of ''Jū'' and its correct use in offence and defence.<ref>Kano (1994) pp. 204–219; Fukuda (2004) pp. 1–144</ref>
* {{nihongo3|''Gō-no-kata''|剛の形||Forms of force}}. One of the oldest kata, comprising ten forms that illustrate the efficient use of force and resistance. Now rarely practiced.<ref>De Crée and Jones (2009a, 2009b, 2009c)</ref>
* {{nihongo3|''[[Itsutsu-no-kata]]''|五の形||The five forms}}. An advanced kata, illustrating the principle of ''seiryoku zen'yō'' and the movements of the universe.<ref>Kano (1994) pp. 220–223</ref> The kata predates the creation of Kodokan and originated in [[Tenjin Shinyō-ryū]].<ref>De Crée (2012) pp. 56–107</ref>
* {{nihongo3|''[[Koshiki-no-kata]]''|古式の形||Traditional forms}}. Derived from ''Kitō-ryū'' Jujutsu, this kata was originally intended to be performed wearing armour. Kano chose to preserve it as it embodied the principles of judo.<ref>Kano (1994) pp. 224–238</ref>
* {{nihongo3|''[[Seiryoku Zen'yo Kokumin Taiiku no Kata|Seiryoku Zen'yō Kokumin Taiiku]]''|精力善用国家体育||Maximum-efficiency national physical education}}. A series of exercises designed to develop the physique for judo.<ref>Kano (1994) pp. 239–251</ref>
* {{nihongo3|''Joshi-goshinhō''|女子護身法||Methods of self-defence for women}}. An exercise completed in 1943, and of which the development was ordered by [[Jirō Nangō]], the second Kodokan president.<ref>De Crée and Jones (2011a, 2011b, 2011c)</ref>

In addition, there are a number of commonly practiced kata that are not recognised by the Kodokan. Some of the more common kata include:

* {{nihongo3|''[[Go-no-sen-no-kata]]''|後の先の形||}} A "kata" of pre-emptive counter techniques that some claim has a heritage from [[Waseda University]] in [[Tokyo]]. The form is little more than standard counters, bookended by some protocol.  Moreover, there is no universal standard nor accepted reference text.  The exercise is unknown of in Japan, and was  popularised in the West by [[Mikinosuke Kawaishi]].<ref>Fromm and Soames (1982) pp. 71–72, 109</ref>
* {{nihongo3|''[[Nage-Waza-Ura-no-kata|Nage-waza-ura-no-kata]]''|投げ技裏の形||}} A much more elegant and coherent kata of counter techniques, created by [[Kyuzo Mifune]].<ref>Mifune (2004) pp. 211–220</ref>
* {{nihongo3|''[[Katame-waza ura-no-kata]]''|固め技裏の形||Forms of reversing controlling techniques}} a kata of counter-attacks to controlling techniques, attributed to {{ill|Kazuo Itō|Fr|Kazuo Ito|vertical-align=sup}}<ref>De Crée (2015) pp. 155–174</ref><ref>Itō (1970) pp. 1–111</ref>