Editing Joan of Arc (section)

==Trials and execution==
=== Trial ===
{{Main|Trial of Joan of Arc}}

[[File:Louis Maurice Boutet de Monvel, The Trial of Joan of Arc (Joan of Arc series - VI), c. late 1909-early 1910, NGA 195567.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|''The Trial of Joan of Arc'', by [[Louis Maurice Boutet de Monvel]] (1909–1910, [[National Gallery of Art]], Washington, D.C.)|alt=Joan of Arc facing left addressing assessors, scribes. She has soldiers behind her]]

Joan was put on trial for [[Christian heresy|heresy]]{{sfnm|Hobbins|2005|1pp= [https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/14 14–15]|Sullivan|1999|2p=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/n14 xviii]|Russell|1972|3p=[https://archive.org/details/witchcraftinmidd0000russ/page/262 262]|Taylor|2006|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/22 22]}} in Rouen on 9 January 1431.{{sfn|Taylor|2006|p= [https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/24 24]}} She was accused of having [[blasphemed]] by wearing men's clothes, of acting upon visions that were [[demon]]ic, and of refusing to submit her words and deeds to the church because she claimed she would be judged by God alone.{{sfn|Gies|1981|pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/207 207–208]|ps=; See {{harvnb|Hobbins|2005|pp=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/157 157–164]}} for a complete translation of the articles.}} Joan's captors downplayed the secular aspects of her trial by submitting her judgment to an ecclesiastical court, but the trial was politically motivated.{{sfnm|Peters|1989|1p=[{{Google books|id=TnqLow3iKd4C|pg=PA69|plainurl=yes}} 69]|Weiskopf|1996|2p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/118 118]}} Joan testified that her visions had instructed her to defeat the English and crown Charles, and her success was argued to be evidence she was acting on behalf of God.{{sfn|Elliott|2002|pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/532095?seq=21 46–47]}} If unchallenged, her testimony would invalidate the English claim to the rule of France{{sfn|Hobbins|2005|p=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/20 20]}} and undermine the University of Paris,{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/146 146–147]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/107 107]}} which supported the dual monarchy ruled by an English king.{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/4 4]|2a1=Hobbins|2a2=2005|2p=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/3 3]|3a1=Verger|3y=1972|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/universitiesinpo0000unse/page/53 53–54]}}

The verdict was a foregone conclusion.{{sfnm|Hobbins|2005|1p= [https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/8 8]|Kelly|1993|2pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2865494?seq=33 1023–1024]|Sullivan|2011|3p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23347178?seq=7 313]}} Joan's guilt could be used to compromise Charles's claims to legitimacy by showing that he had been consecrated by the act of a heretic.{{sfnm|1a1=Hobbins|1y=2005|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/20 20–21]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/106 106]|4a1=Taylor|4y=2006|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/27 27]}} Cauchon served as the [[Ecclesiastical jurisdiction#Ordinary|ordinary]] judge of the trial.{{sfn|Lightbody|1961|p=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/102 102]}} The English subsidized the trial,{{sfnm|Sullivan|1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/n13 xiii]|Gies|1981|2p= [https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/156 156]|Lightbody|1961|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/102 102–103]}} including payments to Cauchon{{sfnm|Newhall|1934|1p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2846456?seq=2 89]|Warner|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/47 47]}} and Jean Le Maître,{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/214 214]}} who represented the Inquisitor of France.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/156 156]|Taylor|2006|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/23 23]}} All but 8 of the 131 clergy who participated in the trial were French{{sfnm|Hobbins|2005|1p=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/4 4]|Taylor|2006|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/23 23]}} and two thirds were associated with the University of Paris,{{sfnm|Harrison|2014|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/253 253]|Hobbins|2005|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/23 23]}} but most were pro-Burgundian and pro-English.{{sfnm|Pernoud|1962|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcbyherse00pern/page/166 166]|Warner|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/48 48]}}

[[File:Pierre Cauchon-Jeanne Darc manuscript.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|Miniature of [[Pierre Cauchon]] presiding at Joan of Arc's trial, unknown author (15th century, [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]])|alt=miniature of Pierre Couchon]]
Cauchon attempted to follow correct inquisitorial procedure,{{sfnm|1a1=Hobbins|1y=2005|1p= [https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/18 18]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/108 108]|3a1=Sullivan|3y=2011|3p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23347178?seq=5 311]|4a1=Taylor|4y=2006|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/29 29]}} but the trial had many irregularities.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/156 157]|Hobbins|2005|2p=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/7 7]|Peters|1989|3p=[{{Google books|id=TnqLow3iKd4C|pg=PA69|plainurl=yes}} 69]}} Joan should have been in the hands of the church during the trial and guarded by women,{{sfn|Taylor|2006|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/26 26]}} but instead was imprisoned by the English and guarded by male soldiers under the command of the Duke of Bedford.{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/154 154]}} Contrary to [[canon law]], Cauchon had not established Joan's [[Infamy#Infamy of law|infamy]] before proceeding with the trial.{{sfnm|Harrison|2014|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/254 234–255]|Kelly|1993|2pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2865494?&seq=28 1018],[https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2865494?&seq=32 1022]|Taylor|2006|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/24 24–25]}} Joan was not read the charges against her until well after her interrogations began.{{sfn|Kelly|1993|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2865494?&seq=32 1022]}} The procedures were below inquisitorial standards,{{sfn|Peters|1989|p=[{{Google books|id=TnqLow3iKd4C|pg=PA69|plainurl=yes}} 69]}} subjecting Joan to lengthy interrogations{{sfn|Sullivan|1999|pp=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/88 88–89]}} without legal counsel.{{sfnm|Hobbins|2005|1p=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/7 7]|Taylor|2006|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/25 25, fn 79]}} One of the trial clerics stepped down because he felt the testimony was coerced and its intention was to entrap Joan;{{sfnm|Frank|1997|1p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/29759909?&seq=4 54]|Kelly|1993|2p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2865494?&seq=28 1018]}} another challenged Cauchon's right to judge the trial and was jailed.{{sfnm|1a1=Frank|1y=1997|1p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/29759909?&seq=4 54]|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/156 156–157]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/126 126]}} There is evidence that the trial records were falsified.{{sfnm|1a1=Hobbins|1y=2005|1p=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/7 7]|2a1=Rankin|2a2=Quintal|2y=1964|2p=[https://archive.org/details/firstbiographyof0000rank/page/113 101]}}

During the trial, Joan showed great control.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/160 160]|Taylor|2009|2p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sV9kFj3O1noC&q=%22Joan%27s%20knowledge%20of%20tactics%22 160]}} She induced her interrogators to ask questions sequentially rather than simultaneously, refer back to their records when appropriate, and end the sessions when she requested.{{sfn|Sullivan|1999|p=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/102 102]}} Witnesses at the trial were impressed by her prudence when answering questions.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/160 160]|Sullivan|1999|2p=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/102 102]}} For example, in one exchange she was asked if she knew she was in God's grace. The question was meant as a scholarly trap, as church doctrine held that nobody could be certain of being in God's grace. If she answered positively, she would have been charged with heresy; if negatively, she would have confessed her own guilt. Joan avoided the trap by stating that if she was not in God's grace, she hoped God would put her there, and if she was in God's grace then she hoped she would remain so.{{sfnm|1a1=Barstow|1y=1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcheretic0000bars/page/92 93]|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/166 166]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/112 112]}} One of the court notaries at her trial later testified that the interrogators were stunned by her answer.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/166 166]|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/238 238]}} To convince her to submit, Joan was shown the instruments of torture. When she refused to be intimidated, Cauchon met with about a dozen assessors (clerical jurors) to vote on whether she should be tortured. The majority decided against it.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/206 206]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/127 127–128]|3a1=Lucie-Smith|3y=1976|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/256 256]}}

In early May, Cauchon asked the University of Paris to deliberate on twelve articles summarizing the accusation of heresy. The university approved the charges.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/208 208–209]|2a1=Harrison|2y=2014|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/288 288]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/129 129]}} On 23 May, Joan was formally admonished by the court.{{sfnm|1a1=Castor|1y=2015|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/186 186]|2a1=Lowell|2y=1896|2p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n335 318]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p= [https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/129 129]}} The next day, she was taken out to the churchyard of the abbey of Saint-Ouen for public condemnation. As Cauchon began to read Joan's sentence, she agreed to submit. She was presented with an [[abjuration]] document, which included an agreement that she would not bear arms or wear men's clothing.{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/212 212]}} It was read aloud to her,{{sfnm|1a1=Castor|1y=2015|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/190 190]|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/214 214]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/131 131]}} and she signed it.{{sfnm|Barstow|1986|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcheretic0000bars/page/115 115–116]|Castor|2015|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/190 190]|Sullivan|1999|3p=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/131 131]}}{{efn|The details of Joan's abjuration are unclear because the original document, which may have been only eight lines long,{{sfn|Harrison|2014|pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/290 290–291]}} was replaced with a longer one in the official record.{{sfnm|1a1=Lucie-Smith|1y=1976|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/266 266–267]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/130 130–131]|3a1=Rankin|3a2=Quintal|3y=1964|3p=[https://archive.org/details/firstbiographyof0000rank/page/113 101]<!-- Link to 113 but display of 101 is correct due to OpenLibrary page mismatch.-->}} {{Harvnb|Quicherat|1841a|pp=[https://archive.org/details/ProcesDeCondamnationV1/page/446 446–448]}} provides the official text of the abjuration document in French. See {{Harvnb|Linder|2017}} for an English translation.}}

===Execution===
Public heresy was a [[capital crime]],{{sfn|Megivern|1997|p=[https://archive.org/details/deathpenaltyhist1997megi/page/128 128]}} in which an unrepentant or relapsed heretic could be given over to the judgment of the secular courts and punished by death.{{sfn|Noonan|1998|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25025339 703]}} Having signed the abjuration, Joan was no longer an unrepentant heretic but could be executed if convicted of relapsing into heresy.{{sfnm|Kelly|2014|1p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43577195?seq=14 949]|Noonan|1987|2pp=[https://jstor.org/stable/1051025?seq=3 204–205]}}

As part of her abjuration, Joan was required to renounce wearing men's clothes.{{sfn|Noonan|1987|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1051025 203]}} She exchanged her clothes for a woman's dress and allowed her head to be shaved.{{sfnm|Schibanoff|1996|1p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/37 37]|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/271 271]}} She was returned to her cell and kept in chains{{sfn|Hotchkiss|2000|pp=[{{Google books|id=frPPPIJvUDgC|pg=PA64|plainurl=yes}} 64–65]}} instead of being transferred to an ecclesiastical prison.{{sfnm|Lightbody|1961|1p=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/138 138 fn3]|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/269 269]}}
Witnesses at the rehabilitation trial stated that Joan was subjected to mistreatment and rape attempts, including one by an English noble,{{sfnm|Crane|1996|1pp= [https://web.archive.org/web/20160705094811/https://faculty.smu.edu/bwheeler/joan_of_arc/olr/08_clothingjoanofarc_crane.pdf 302–303]|Gies|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/216 216]|Lucie-Smith|1976|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/273 273]|Michelet|1855|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcmaidofo00mich/page/222 222]}} and that guards placed men's clothes in her cell, forcing her to wear them.{{sfnm|1a1=Hotchkiss|1y=2000|1p=[{{Google books|id=frPPPIJvUDgC|pg=PA66|plainurl=yes}} 66]|2a1=Lucie-Smith|2y=1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/272 272] |3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/132 132]}} Cauchon was notified that Joan had resumed wearing male clothing. He sent clerics to admonish her to remain in submission, but the English prevented them from visiting her.{{sfnm|Lowell|1896|1p= [https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n347 329]|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/273 273]}}

[[File:Vigiles du roi Charles VII 10.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|Miniature of Joan's Execution from ''The Vigils of King Charles VII'', anonymous ({{circa|1484|lk=no}}, [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]])|alt= Joan in red dress being bound to a stake as a group of men look on]]

On 28 May, Cauchon went to Joan's cell, along with several other clerics. According to the trial record, Joan said that she had gone back to wearing men's clothes because it was more fitting that she dress like a man while being held with male guards, and that the judges had broken their promise to let her go to mass and to release her from her chains. She stated that if they fulfilled their promises and placed her in a decent prison, she would be obedient.{{sfnm|1a1=Bullough|1y=1974|1p= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2777140?seq=9 1389]|2a1=Crane|2y=1996|2p= [https://web.archive.org/web/20160705094811/https://faculty.smu.edu/bwheeler/joan_of_arc/olr/08_clothingjoanofarc_crane.pdf 302]|3a1=Hobbins|3y=2005|3p=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/24 24]
|4a1=Pernoud|4a2=Clin|4y=1986|4pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/132 132–133]|5a1=Sullivan|5y=1999|5pp=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/132 132–133]}} When Cauchon asked about her visions, Joan stated that the voices had blamed her for abjuring out of fear, and that she would not deny them again. As Joan's abjuration had required her to deny her visions, this was sufficient to convict her of relapsing into heresy and to condemn her to death.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/217 217]|Hobbins|2005|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/24 24–25]}} The next day, forty-two assessors were summoned to decide Joan's fate. Two recommended that she be abandoned to the secular courts immediately; the rest recommended that the abjuration be read to her again and explained.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/218 218–219]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/134 134–135]}} In the end, they voted unanimously that Joan was a relapsed heretic and should be abandoned to the secular power, the English, for punishment.{{sfnm|Hobbins|2005|1p=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/198 198]|Sullivan|1999|3p=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/139 139]|Taylor|2006|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/222 222]}}

At about the age of nineteen, Joan was executed on 30 May 1431. In the morning, she was allowed to receive the [[Sacraments of the Catholic Church|sacrament]]s despite the court process requiring they be denied to heretics.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/219 219–220]|Harrison|2014|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/296 296]|Lucie-Smith|1976|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/279 279–280]}} She was then taken to Rouen's Vieux-Marché (Old Marketplace), where she was publicly read her sentence of condemnation.{{sfnm|Sullivan|1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/148 148]|Taylor|2006|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/225 225]}} At this point, she should have been turned over to the appropriate authority, the bailiff of Rouen, for secular sentencing, but instead was delivered directly to the English{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/223 223]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/135 135]}} and tied to a tall plastered pillar for [[Death by burning|execution by burning]].{{sfnm|Lucie-Smith|1976|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/282 281–282]|Michelet|1855|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcmaidofo00mich/page/228 228–229]}} She asked to view a cross as she died, and was given one by an English soldier made from a stick, which she kissed and placed next to her chest.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/222 223]|Lowell|1896|2p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n359 341]|Michelet|1855|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcmaidofo00mich/page/238 238]}} A processional [[crucifix]] was fetched from the church of Saint-Saveur. She embraced it before her hands were bound, and it was held before her eyes during her execution.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/223 223]|2a1=Lucie-Smith|2y=1976|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/282 282–283]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/136 136]}} After her death, her remains were thrown into the [[Seine]] River.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/223 223]|2a1=Lowell|2y=1896|2p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n359 341]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/137 137]}}

===Aftermath and rehabilitation trial===
{{Main|Rehabilitation trial of Joan of Arc}}
[[File:Monument commémoratif de la réhabilitation de Jeanne d’Arc.jpg|thumb|upright=1|''Monument Commemorating the Rehabilitation of Joan of Arc'', a plaster work by {{ill|Émile Pinchon|fr}}; Joan stands in the foreground, facing figures from her rehabilitation trial (1909, [[Noyon Cathedral|Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Noyon]]).{{efn|In the foreground of this allegorical work, Guillaume Bouillé, who opened the inquest, is handing Joan, who died twenty years previously but is symbolically present, the text of her rehabilitation. The figures in the background are [[Jean Bréhal]] (standing), the inquisitor; [[Jean Juvénal des Ursins]], archbishop of Reims (enthroned in the center); and one of the other commissioners (enthroned), either [[Guillaume Chartier (bishop)]], bishop of Paris or [[Richard Olivier de Longueil]], bishop of Coutances.{{sfn|LGPC|2022}}}}|alt=A group of highly detailed and realistic painted plaster statues depicting four men wearing various ecclesiastical garments. They are arranged in a complex composition around a representation of Joan of Arc on a set of stairs.]]

The military situation was not changed by Joan's execution. Her triumphs had raised Armagnac morale, and the English were not able to regain momentum.{{sfnm
|1a1=Allmand|1y=1988|1p=[https://archive.org/details/hundredyearsware0000allm/page/57 57]|2a1=Curry|2a2=Hoskins|2a3=Richardson|2a4=Spencer|2y=2015|2p=[https://archive.org/details/agincourtcompani0000curr/page/106 106]|3a1=Fuller|3y=1954|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo01full/page/496 496–497]
}} Charles remained king of France,{{sfnm
|1a1=Allmand|1y=1988|1p=[https://archive.org/details/hundredyearsware0000allm/page/57 57]|2a1=Fuller|2y=1954|2p=[https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo01full/page/490 490]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/166 166]}} despite a rival coronation held for the ten-year-old Henry VI of England at [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame cathedral]] in Paris in 1431.{{sfn|Barker|2009|p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/229 229]}} In 1435, the Burgundians signed the [[Treaty of Arras (1435)|Treaty of Arras]], abandoning their alliance with England.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/228 228]|DeVries|1999|2p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/186 186]|Fuller|1954|3p=[https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo01full/page/494 494]}} Twenty-two years after Joan's death, the war ended with a French victory at the [[Battle of Castillon]] in 1453,{{sfnm|Allmand|1988|1p=[https://archive.org/details/hundredyearsware0000allm/page/36 36]|Burne|1956|2p=[https://archive.org/details/agincourtwarmili0000burn/page/342 342]}} and the English were expelled from all of France except [[Calais]].{{sfnm|Castor|2015|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/230 230]|Gies|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/231 231]}}

Joan's execution created a political liability for Charles, implying that his consecration as the king of France had been achieved through the actions of a heretic.{{sfnm
|Castor|2015|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/224 224]|Gies|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/230 230]|Harrison|2014|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/313 313–314]|Vale|1974|4p=[https://archive.org/details/charlesvii0000vale/page/62 62]}} On 15 February 1450, a few months after he regained Rouen, Charles ordered Guillaume Bouillé, a theologian and [[List of rectors of the University of Paris|former rector of the University of Paris]], to open an inquest.{{sfnm|Pernoud|1955|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/retrialofjoanofa00regi/page/3 3–4]|Warner|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/189 189]}} In a brief investigation, Bouillé interviewed seven witnesses of Joan's trial and concluded that the judgment of Joan as a heretic was arbitrary. She had been a prisoner of war treated as a political prisoner, and was put to death without basis.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/230 230]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/149 149–155]}}
Bouillé's report could not overturn the verdict but it opened the way for the later retrial.{{sfnm|Lightbody|1961|1p=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/121 121]|Pernoud|1955|2p=[https://archive.org/details/retrialofjoanofa00regi/page/18 318]}}

In 1452, a second inquest into Joan's trial was opened by [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]] [[Guillaume d'Estouteville]], papal legate and relative of Charles, and [[Jean Bréhal]], the recently appointed Inquisitor of France,{{sfnm
|1a1=Castor|1y=2015|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/228 228–229]
|2a1=Lightbody|2y=1961|2p=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/122 122]
|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/151 151]}} who interviewed about 20 witnesses.{{sfnm
|Castor|2015|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/228 228–229]
|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/4 4]}} The inquest was guided by 27 articles describing how Joan's trial had been biased.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/152 152–155]}} Immediately after the inquest, d'Estouteville went to Orléans on 9 June and granted an [[indulgence]] to those who participated in the ceremonies in Joan's honor on 8 May commemorating the lifting of the siege.{{sfnm
|Pernoud|1955|1p=[https://archive.org/details/retrialofjoanofa00regi/page/34 34]
|Warner|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/190 190]}}

For the next two years d'Estouteville and Bréhal worked on the case.{{sfnm
|Lightbody|1961|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/122 122–123]
|Lowell|1896|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n368 350–351]
|Murray|1902|3p=[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/57389/57389-h/57389-h.htm#Page_372 372]
|Warner|1981|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/190 190]
}} Bréhal forwarded a petition from Joan's mother, Isabelle, and Joan's two brothers Jean and Pierre, to [[Pope Nicholas V]] in 1454.{{sfnm|Pernoud|1962|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcbyherse00pern/page/264 264]|Warner|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/190 190]}} Bréhal submitted a summary of his findings to theologians and lawyers in France and Italy,{{sfnm|Lightbody|1961|1p=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/122 128]|Lowell|1896|2p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n367 350]}} as well as a professor at the [[University of Vienna]],{{sfn|Pernoud|1955|p=[https://archive.org/details/retrialofjoanofa00regi/page/37 37]}} most of whom gave opinions favorable to Joan.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/235 235]|Lightbody|1961|2p=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/122 122]}} After Nicholas V died in early 1455, the new pope [[Callixtus III]] gave permission for a rehabilitation trial, and appointed three commissioners to oversee the process: [[Jean Juvénal des Ursins]], archbishop of Reims; [[Guillaume Chartier (bishop)|Guillaume Chartier]], bishop of Paris; and [[Richard Olivier de Longueil]], bishop of [[Coutances]]. They chose Bréhal as Inquisitor.{{sfnm
|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/124 124]
|Lowell|1896|2p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n369 351]
|Murray|1902|3p=[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/57389/57389-h/57389-h.htm#Page_373 373]
}}

The rehabilitation trial began on 7 November 1455 at Notre Dame Cathedral when Joan's mother publicly delivered a formal request for her daughter's rehabilitation,{{sfnm
|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/235 235]
|Lowell|1896|2p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n369 351]
|Pernoud|1955|3p=[https://archive.org/details/retrialofjoanofa00regi/page/37 37]
|Warner|1981|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/190 190]
}} and ended on 7 July 1456 at [[Rouen Cathedral]], having heard from about 115 witnesses.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/156 156]}} The court found that the original trial was unjust and deceitful; Joan's abjuration, execution and their consequences were nullified.{{sfnm
|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/236 236]
|Lowell|1896|2p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n373 355]
|Pernoud|1955|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/retrialofjoanofa00regi/page/287 287–288]}} In his summary of the trial, Bréhal suggested that Cauchon and the assessors who supported him might be guilty of malice and heresy.{{sfn|Napier|2017|p=[{{Google Books|id=H2AuDwAAQBA|pg=PT62|plainurl=yes}} 67]|ps=; see {{harvnb|Bréhal|1456|loc=[https://archive.org/details/jean-brehal-grand-inquisiteur-de-france/page/104 pt I, ch. VIII (p. 104-105) ]|ps=: {{lang|la|Unde, quatinus ille episcopus et alii in hoc ei faventes se a malicia manifesta contra ecclesiam romanam, aut etiam ab heresi, se debite excusare possent, non video.}} [How that bishop [Cauchon] and others who favored him in this respect [that is, in continuing the trial] can excuse themselves from malice toward the Roman Church, or even from heresy, I cannot see.]}}}} To emphasize the court's decision, a copy of the Articles of Accusation was formally torn up. The court ordered that a cross should be erected on the site of Joan's execution.{{sfnm
|Castor|2015|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/241 241]
|Gies|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/237 237]
|Pernoud|1962|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcbyherse00pern/page/268 268]}}