Editing Jin dynasty (266–420) (section)

== Government and demography ==
[[File:Eastern Jin 382.png|thumb|250px|Administrative divisions of Eastern Jin dynasty as of 382]]

=== ''Qiaoren'' and ''baiji'' ===
The [[Uprising of the Five Barbarians|uprising of the five barbarians]] led to one in eight northerners migrating to the south. These immigrants were called ''qiaoren'' ({{lang|zh-hant|僑人}} 'lodged people'), accounting for one-sixth of the population of the south at the time. With consideration of the material loss refugees had experienced before arrival, they were exempt from the ''diao'' ({{lang|zh-hant|調}}) tax, and other services. Those whose registers were bound in white paper were called ''baiji'' ({{lang|zh-hant|白籍}}), while the others with registers bound in yellow paper were called ''huangji'' ({{lang|zh-hant|黃籍}}). When the crisis had subsided, this preferential increasingly seemed a heavy burden on the people, arousing dissatisfaction in the natives. Hence, ''tu duan'' was an increasingly important issue for the Eastern Jin.{{clarification needed|date=March 2024}}

=== Lodged administrative divisions ===
The Eastern Jin court established three levels of administrative divisions which served as strongholds for the ''qiaoren'': the ''qiaozhou'' ({{lang|zh-hant|僑州}}, 'province'), ''qiaojun'' ({{lang|zh-hant|僑郡}}, 'commandery'), and qiaoxian ({{lang|zh-hant|僑縣}}, the lodged county), these lodged administrative divisions were merely nominal without possessing actual domain, or rather, they were local government in exile; what could scarcely be denied was their significance in Jin's legitimacy for the northern territory as somewhat an announcement. Furthermore, it was also an action done to appease the refugees' homesickness, which was evoking their desire to reacquire what had been lost.

[[File:Ornamental plaque, Eastern Jin dynasty, Metropolitan Museum of Art.JPG|thumb|Ornamental plaque, Eastern Jin dynasty, Metropolitan Museum of Art.]]
During the rule of Emperor Yuan, Emperor Ming, and Emperor Cheng, the lodged administrative divisions were concentrated in the area south of the Huai River and the Lower Yangtze Plain. At first there was the lodged Langya Commandery within lodged Fei County in Jiankang, but when it began is not exactly known. Then the lodged Huaide County was also established in Jiankang, around 320. According to the ''Book of Song'':<blockquote>晉永嘉大亂，幽、冀、青、並、兗州及徐州之淮北流民，相率過淮，亦有過江在晉陵郡界者……又徙流民之在淮南者于晉陵諸縣，其徙過江南及留在江北者，並立僑郡縣以司牧之。徐、兗二州或治江北，江北又僑立幽、冀、青、並四州……(After Disaster of Yongjia, the refugees from You, Ji, Qing, Bing, Yan and Xu provinces came across the Huai River, some even came across the Yangtze River and stayed in Jinling Commandery... The lodged administrative divisions were established to govern them. The seats of Xu and Yan provinces perhaps were moved to the area north of the Yangtze River, where the lodged You, Ji, Qing, Bing provinces were established.)<ref>{{Cite book| title-link=Book of Song | author-link= Shen Yue | date=1974 |orig-date=493 |at=[[:zh:s:宋書/卷35|vol. 35]] | title= Book of Song | publisher= Zhonghua Shuju | author= Shen Yue}}</ref></blockquote>

The lodged Pei, Qinghe, Xiapi, Dongguang, Pingchang, Jiyin, Puyang, Guangping, Taishan, Jiyang, and Lu commanderies were established when Emperor Ming ruled. The rebellions and invasions occurring in Jianghuai area led to more refugees switching to settle in the south of the Yangtze River, where the lodged Huainan Commandery was established afterwards.

However, carrying these out was more complex than the policy was formulated. Several actual counties were under the jurisdiction of the lodged commanderies.

A few lodged administrative divisions are still retained in China nowadays. For instance, [[Dangtu County]] was originally located in the area of [[Bengbu]], however, the lodged Dangtu County was established in where it is now, and the latter replaced the former, inheriting its place name.

=== Tu Duan policy ===
{{Continental Asia in 400 CE|right|{{center|The Eastern Jin dynasty and contemporary Asian polities {{circa}} 400}}|{{Annotation|222|83|[[File:Rectangle (plain).svg|60px]]}}}}
The ''tu duan'' ({{lang|zh-hant|土斷}}) is the abbreviation for ''yi tu duan'' ({{lang|zh-hant|以土斷}}, means classifying people according to their present habitation to register). It was a policy to ensure the ancient [[hukou system]] working since the Western Jin. These terms were first recorded in the biographies of Wei Guan and Li Chong included in the ''[[Book of Jin]]'':<blockquote>今九域同規，大化方始，臣等以為宜皆蕩除末法，一擬古制，'''以土斷'''，定自公卿以下，皆以所居為正，無復懸客遠屬異土者。<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7036|title=Book of Jin, Vol. 36}}</ref></blockquote><blockquote>然承魏氏凋弊之跡，人物播越，仕無常朝，人無定處，郎吏蓄於軍府，豪右聚於都邑，事體駁錯，與古不同。謂九品既除，宜先開移徙，聽相並就。且明貢舉之法，不濫於境外，則冠帶之倫將不分而自均，即'''土斷'''之實行矣。<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7046|title=Book of Jin, Vol. 46}}</ref></blockquote>Hence, it was perhaps initially proposed by these two people, but was only seriously implemented during the Eastern Jin and the Southern dynasties.