Editing Jihad (section)

===Colonialism and modernism===
[[File:Fula jihad states map general c1830.png|thumb|The [[Fula jihads|Fulani jihad states]] of West Africa, c. 1830]]
When Europeans began to colonize the Muslim world, ''jihad'' was one of the first responses.<ref name=Bonner/>{{rp|157-158}} [[Emir Abdelkader]] organized a ''jihad'' in Algeria against French domination, tapping into existing Sufi networks.<ref name=Bonner/>{{rp|157-158}} Other wars were often declared to be ''jihad'': the [[Senussi]] religious order declared ''jihad'' against [[Italo-Turkish War|Italian control of Libya]] in 1912, and the "[[Muhammad Ahmad|Mahdi]]" in [[Sudan]] declared [[Muhammad Ahmad#Advance of the rebellion|jihad]] against [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] and [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egyptians]] in 1881.<ref name=OCAP />

[[Rashid Rida]] and [[Muhammad Abduh]] argued that peaceful coexistence should be the normal state between Muslim and non-Muslim stated, citing verses in the Qur'an that allowed war only in self-defense.<ref name="OEIP">{{cite encyclopedia|first1=Rudolph|last1=Peters|first2=David|last2=Cook |title=Jihād|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics|location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2014|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0057|doi=10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001|isbn=9780199739356|access-date=24 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123114402/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001/acref-9780199739356-e-0263|archive-date=23 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> However, this view left open ''jihad'' against colonialism, which was seen as an attack on Muslims.<ref name="OEIP"/>

[[Sayyid Ahmad Khan]] argued that ''jihad'' was limited to cases of [[oppression]], and since the [[British Raj]] allowed [[freedom of religion]], ''jihad'' against the British was unnecessary.<ref name=Bonner/>{{rp|159-160}} Instead, Khan formulated ''jihad'' as recovering [[Islamic golden age|past Muslim scientific progress]] to modernize the Muslim world.<ref name=Bonner/>{{rp|159-160}}

A concept that played a role in anti-colonial ''jihad'' (or lack thereof) was the belief in ''[[Mahdi]]''.{{CN|date=September 2023}} According to Islamic [[eschatology]], a messianic figure named Mahdi will one day appear and restore justice on earth. This belief sometimes discouraged Muslims from conducting ''jihad'', instead inducing them to wait. Such messages were circulated in Algeria to undermine [[Emir Abdelkader]]'s ''jihad'' against the French.{{CN|date=September 2023}} Alternatively, this belief could be a powerful mobilizing force when someone proclaimed to be the Mahdi. Mahdist rebellions happened in India (1810), Egypt (1865) and Sudan (1881).{{CN|date=September 2023}}
[[File:The story of the greatest nations; a comprehensive history, extending from the earliest times to the present, founded on the most modern authorities, and including chronological summaries and (14596551060).jpg|thumb|Charging [[Mahdist War|Mahdist army]] during the [[Battle of Omdurman]] in 1898]]
With the [[Islamic revival]], a new "[[Islamic fundamentalism|fundamentalist]]" movement arose, with different interpretations of Islam that increased emphasis on ''jihad''. The [[Wahhabi]] movement that spread across the [[Arabian peninsula]] starting in the 18th century emphasized ''jihad'' as armed struggle.<ref>{{harvnb|Gold|2012|pp=7–8}} "... the revival of ''jihad'', and its prioritization as a religious value, is found in the works of high-level Saudi religious officials like former chief justice Sheikh Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Humaid: `Jihad is a great deed indeed [and] there is no deed whose reward and blessing is as that of it, and for this reason, it is the best thing one can volunteer for."</ref> The [[Fula jihads]] in West Africa during the 18th and 19th centuries led to the establishment of various states, most notably the [[Sokoto Caliphate]]. None of these movements were victorious.<ref name=Lewis/> The [[Sokoto Caliphate]] lasted for a century until it was conquered by the [[British Empire|British]] and incorporated into [[Colonial Nigeria]] in 1903.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Falola |first=Toyin |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=Hd-Jp1t2n4sC}}|title=Colonialism and Violence in Nigeria |date=2009-09-25 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-00339-3 |language=en}}</ref>