Editing Italic languages (section)

=== Lexical comparison ===
{{more citations needed|section|date=January 2021|find=Comparative Romance grammar}}
Among the Indo-European languages, the Italic languages share a higher percentage of lexicon with the Celtic and the Germanic ones, three of the four traditional "[[centum and satem languages|centum]]" branches of Indo-European (together with Greek).

The following table shows a lexical comparison of several Italic languages:
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan=2|Gloss
! colspan=3|[[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
! colspan=2|[[Osco-Umbrian languages|Osco-Umbrian]]
! rowspan=2|[[Proto-Italic language|Proto-<br />Italic]]
! rowspan=2|[[Proto-Celtic language|Proto-<br />Celtic]]
! rowspan=2|[[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-<br />Germanic]]
|-
! [[Faliscan language|Faliscan]] !! [[Old Latin|Old<br />Latin]]!! [[Latin|Classical<br /> Latin]]
! [[Oscan language|Oscan]] !! [[Umbrian language|Umbrian]]
|-
| '1' ||  || *ounos || ūnus
| *𐌖𐌉𐌍𐌖𐌔<br />*uinus || 𐌖𐌍𐌔<br />uns || *oinos || *oinos || *ainaz
|-
| '2' || du || *duō || duō
| 𐌃𐌖𐌔<br />dus || -𐌃𐌖𐌚<br />-duf || *duō || *dwāu || *twai
|-
| '3' || tris ||  || trēs (m.f.)<br />tria (n.)
| 𐌕𐌓𐌝𐌔<br />trís || 𐌕𐌓𐌉𐌚 (m.f.)<br />𐌕𐌓𐌉𐌉𐌀 (n.)<br />trif (m.f.)<br />triia (n.) || *trēs (m.f.)<br />*triā (n.) || *trīs || *þrīz
|-
| '4' ||  ||  || quattuor
| 𐌐𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌓𐌀<br />𐌐𐌄𐌕𐌕𐌉𐌖𐌓<br />petora<br />pettiur || 𐌐𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌓<br />petur || *kʷettwōr || *kʷetwares || *fedwōr
|-
| '5' || *quique ||  || quinque
| 𐌐𐌏𐌌𐌐𐌄-<br />pompe- || *𐌐𐌖𐌌𐌐𐌄<br />*pumpe || *kʷenkʷe || *kʷenkʷe || *fimf
|-
| '6' || śex || *sex || sex
| *𐌔𐌄𐌇𐌔<br />*sehs || 𐌔𐌄𐌇𐌔<br />sehs || *seks || *swexs || *sehs
|-
| '7' || *śepten ||  || septem
| 𐌔𐌄𐌚𐌕𐌄𐌍<br />seften ||  || *septem || *sextam || *sebun
|-
| '8' || oktu ||  || octō
| *𐌖𐌇𐌕𐌏<br />*uhto ||  || *oktō || *oxtū || *ahtōu
|-
| '9' || *neven ||  || novem
| *𐌍𐌖𐌖𐌄𐌍<br />*nuven || *𐌍𐌖𐌖𐌉𐌌<br />*nuvim || *nowen || *nawan || *newun
|-
| '10' ||  ||  || decem
| 𐌃𐌄𐌊𐌄𐌍<br />deken || *𐌃𐌄𐌔𐌄𐌌<br />*desem || *dekem || *dekam || *tehun
|}
The asterisk indicates reconstructed forms based on indirect linguistic evidence and not forms directly attested in any inscription.

[[File:Centum Satem map.png|thumb|305px|Map showing the approximate extent of the ''centum'' (blue) and ''satem'' (red) [[Areal feature|areals]]]]
From the point of view of Proto-Indo-European, the Italic languages are fairly conservative. In phonology, the Italic languages are [[centum and satem languages|centum language]]s by merging the palatals with the velars (Latin ''centum'' has a /k/) but keeping the combined group separate from the labio-velars. In morphology, the Italic languages preserve six cases in the noun and the adjective (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative, vocative) with traces of a seventh (locative), but the dual of both the noun and the verb has completely disappeared. From the position of both morphological innovations and uniquely shared lexical items, Italic shows the greatest similarities with Celtic and Germanic, with some of the shared lexical correspondences also being found in Baltic and Slavic.{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|pp=316–317}}