Editing Islamophobia (section)

===Links to ideologies===
[[File:CPA DSC05617 (14603953826).jpg|thumb|The [[2014 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka]] followed rallies by [[Bodu Bala Sena]] (BBS), a hard-line Buddhist group.]]
[[File:Pastor Terry Jones Marching in DC (5497386725).jpg|thumb|An anti-Islam protest in the United States]]

Cora Alexa Døving, a senior scientist at the Norwegian [[Center for Studies of the Holocaust and Religious Minorities (Norway)|Center for Studies of the Holocaust and Religious Minorities]], argues that there are significant similarities between Islamophobic discourse and European pre-Nazi antisemitism.<ref name="doving1"/> Among the concerns are imagined threats of minority growth and domination, threats to traditional institutions and customs, skepticism of integration, threats to [[secularism]], fears of sexual crimes, fears of [[misogyny]], fears based on historical cultural inferiority, hostility to modern Western [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] values, etc.

{{ill|Matti Bunzl|de}} has argued that there are important differences between Islamophobia and antisemitism. While antisemitism was a phenomenon closely connected to European [[nation-building]] processes, he sees Islamophobia as having the concern of European civilization as its focal point.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Anti-semitism and Islamophobia: hatreds old and new in Europe |last=Bunzl |first=Matti |year=2007 |publisher=Prickly Paradigm Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-9761475-8-9 |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=37UsAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Islamophobic+claims%22 |access-date=23 November 2011}}</ref> Døving, on the other hand, maintains that, at least in Norway, the Islamophobic discourse has a clear national element.<ref name="doving1"/> In a reply to Bunzl, French scholar of Jewish history, [[Esther Benbassa]], agrees with him in that he draws a clear connection between modern hostile and essentializing sentiments towards Muslims and historical antisemitism. However, she argues against the use of the term ''Islamophobia'', since, in her opinion, it attracts unwarranted attention to an underlying racist current.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia: Hatred Old and New in Europe |chapter=Xenophobia, Anti-Semitism, and Racism |last=Benbassa |first=Esther |year=2007 |publisher=Prickly Paradigm Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-9761475-8-9 |pages=86ff |chapter-url=http://www.estherbenbassa.net/SCANS/XENOPHOBIA.PDF |access-date=23 November 2011 |editor-last=Bunzl |editor-first=Matti}}</ref>

The head of the Media Responsibility Institute in [[Erlangen]], Sabine Schiffer, and researcher Constantin Wagner, who also define Islamophobia as anti-Muslim racism, outline additional similarities and differences between Islamophobia and antisemitism.<ref name =schiffer>{{Cite journal | last1 = Schiffer | first1 = S. | last2 = Wagner | first2 = C. | doi = 10.1177/0306396810389927 | title = Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia – new enemies, old patterns | journal = Race & Class | volume = 52 | issue = 3 | pages = 77–84 | year = 2011 | s2cid = 146753309 }}</ref> They point out the existence of equivalent notions such as "Judaisation/Islamisation", and metaphors such as "a state within a state" are used in relation to both Jews and Muslims. In addition, both discourses make use of, among other rhetorical instruments, "religious imperatives" supposedly "proven" by religious sources, and conspiracy theories.

The differences between Islamophobia and antisemitism consist of the nature of the perceived threats to the "[[Christian West]]". Muslims are perceived as "inferior" and as a visible "external threat", while on the other hand, Jews are perceived as "omnipotent" and as an invisible "internal threat". However, Schiffer and Wagner also note that there is a growing tendency to view Muslims as a privileged group that constitute an "internal threat" and that this convergence between the two discources makes "it more and more necessary to use findings from the study of anti-Semitism to analyse Islamophobia". Schiffer and Wagner conclude,

{{Blockquote|The achievement in the study of anti-Semitism of examining Jewry and anti-Semitism separately must also be transferred to other racisms, such as Islamophobia. We do not need more information about Islam, but more information about the making of racist stereotypes in general.}}

The publication ''Social Work and Minorities: European Perspectives'' describes Islamophobia as the new form of racism in Europe,{{sfn|Williams|Soydan|Johnson|1998|p=182}} arguing that "Islamophobia is as much a form of racism as [[anti-semitism]], a term more commonly encountered in Europe as a sibling of racism, xenophobia and intolerance."{{sfn|Williams|Soydan|Johnson|1998|p=22}} [[Edward Said]] considers Islamophobia as it is evinced in [[Orientalism]] to be a trend in a more general antisemitic Western tradition.<ref>Edward W. Said, 'Orientalism Reconsidered' in Francis Barker, Peter Hulme, Margaret Iversen, Diana Loxley (eds),'' Literature, Politics, and Theory,'' Methuen & Co, London 1986 pp. 210229, pp. 220ff.</ref><ref>[[Bryan S. Turner (sociologist)|Bryan Stanley Turner]], introd. to Bryan S. Turner (ed.) ''Orientalism: Early Sources'', (Vol 1, Readings in Orientalism), Routledge, London (2000) reprint 2002 p. 12</ref> Others note that there has been a transition from anti-Asian and anti-Arab racism to anti-Muslim racism,<ref>[http://jos.sagepub.com/content/43/1/61.abstract The resistible rise of Islamophobia – Anti-Muslim racism in the UK and Australia before 11 September 2001], [[Journal of Sociology]] March 2007 vol. 43 no. 1 61–86</ref> while some note a racialization of religion.<ref>[https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/23061/ssoar-ethnicities-2007-4-dunn_et_al-contemporary_racism_and_islamaphobia_in.pdf?sequence=1 Contemporary racism and Islamaphobia in Australia – Racializing religion], Ethnicities December 2007 vol. 7 no. 4 564–589</ref>

According to a 2012 report by a UK anti-racism group, [[counterjihad|counter-jihadist]] outfits in Europe and North America are becoming more cohesive by forging alliances, with 190 groups now identified as promoting an Islamophobic agenda.<ref name = "MaTo 14Apr2012">{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/14/breivik-trial-norway-mass-murderer |title= Far-right anti-Muslim network on rise globally as Breivik trial opens |author= Mark Townsend |date= 14 April 2012 |work= guardian.co.uk |access-date= 15 April 2012 |location=London}}</ref> In ''Islamophobia and its consequences on young people'' (p.&nbsp;6) Ingrid Ramberg writes "Whether it takes the shape of daily forms of racism and discrimination or more violent forms, Islamophobia is a violation of human rights and a threat to social cohesion." Professor [[John Esposito]] of [[Georgetown University]] calls Islamophobia "the new anti-Semitism".<ref name="thestar.com">{{cite news| url=https://www.thestar.com/news/insight/article/1055298--islamophobia-the-new-anti-semitism |title=Islamophobia: The new anti-Semitism| location=Toronto | work=The Star}}</ref>

In their 2018 American Muslim Poll, the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding found that when it came to their Islamophobia index (see Public Opinion), they found that those who scored higher on the index, (i.e. more islamophobic) were, "associated with 1) greater acceptance of targeting civilians, whether it is a military or individual/small group that is doling out the violence, 2) greater acquiescence to limiting both press freedoms and institutional checks following a hypothetical terror attack, and 3) greater support for the so-called "Muslim ban" and the surveillance of American mosques (or their outright building prohibition)."<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.ispu.org/american-muslim-poll-2018-full-report/|title=American Muslim Poll 2018: Full Report {{!}} ISPU|date=2018-04-30|website=Institute for Social Policy and Understanding|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref>

[[Mohamed Nimer]] compares Islamophobia with anti-Americanism. He argues that while both Islam and America can be subject to legitimate criticisms without detesting a people as a whole, bigotry against both are on the rise.<ref name="NimerA">{{cite book|title=Islamophobia: The Challenge of Pluralism in the 21st Century|editor=[[John L. Esposito]]|author=Mohamed Nimer|year=2011|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0199753642|page=[https://archive.org/details/islamop_xxx_2011_00_7922/page/76 76]|url=https://archive.org/details/islamop_xxx_2011_00_7922/page/76}}</ref>

[[Gideon Rachman]] wrote in 2019 of a "[[Clash of Civilizations|clash of civilizations]]" between Muslim and non-Muslim nations, linking anti-Islam [[Radicalization|radicalisation]] outside the Muslim world to the rise of intolerant [[Islamism]] in some Muslim countries that used to be relatively free from that ideology.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gideon Rachman|date=February 18, 2019|title=Islamophobia and the new clash of civilisations|work=[[Financial Times]]|url=https://www.ft.com/content/12cf16a0-335d-11e9-bb0c-42459962a812|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210914032325/https://www.ft.com/content/12cf16a0-335d-11e9-bb0c-42459962a812%23comments-anchor|archive-date=2021-09-14}}</ref>

[[Islam and blasphemy|Blasphemy of Islam]] has been described as Islamophobia, while some countries consider [[blasphemy]] legal as [[freedom of speech]].<ref name="n746">{{cite journal | last1=Í Skorini | first1=Heini | last2=Dyrberg | first2=Torben Bech | title=Framing Blasphemy as a crime: the curious similarities between the secular left and the organization of Islamic cooperation | journal=Journal of Political Ideologies | date=17 February 2022 | volume=29 | issue=3 | issn=1356-9317 | doi=10.1080/13569317.2022.2040878 | pages=550–570}}</ref>