Editing Islamic eschatology (section)

===Modernist and postmodernist thought===

According to Smith and Haddad, "The great majority of contemporary Muslim writers, ... choose not to discuss the afterlife at all".<ref>[[Islamic eschatology#JISYYHIU1981|Smith & Haddad, ''Islamic Understanding'',  1981]]: p.100</ref> [[Islamic Modernist]]s, according to Smith and Haddad, express a "kind of embarrassment with the elaborate traditional detail concerning life in the grave and in the abodes of recompense, called into question by modern rationalists".<ref name=JISYYHIU1981:100>[[#JISYYHIU1981|Smith & Haddad, ''Islamic Understanding'',  1981]]: p.100</ref><ref name=Smith-Haddad-100>Smith/Haddad, ''Islamic Understanding'', 100, quoted in Christian Lange, p.19, [[#CLLHiIT2016|Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016]]: p.19</ref><ref name="CLLHiIT2016:18">[[#CLLHiIT2016|Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016]]: p.18</ref>   Consequently, most of "modern Muslim Theologians" either "silence the issue" or reaffirm "the traditional position that the reality of the afterlife must not be denied but that its exact nature remains unfathomable".<ref>quoting Lange describing Smith/Haddad, ''Islamic Understanding'', 100</ref><ref name=JISYYHIU1981:100/>

The beliefs of Pakistani modernist [[Muhammad Iqbal]] (died 1938), were similar to the Sufi "spiritual and internalized interpretations of hell" of [[Ibn Arabi|ibn ʿArabī]], and [[Rumi]], seeing paradise and hell "primarily as metaphors for inner psychic" developments. Thus "hellfire is actually a state of realization of one's failures as a human being", and not a supernatural subterranean realm.<ref>Iqbal, ''Reconstruction'', 98; quoted in [[#CLLHiIT2016|Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016]]: p.20</ref> Egyptian modernist [[Muhammad Abduh|Muhammad ʿAbduh]], thought it was sufficient to believe in the existence of an afterlife with rewards and punishment to be a true believer, even if you ignored "clear" (''ẓāhir'') hadith about hell.<ref>ʿAbdūh,  Risālat al-tawḥīd, 178, quoted in [[#CLLHiIT2016|Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016]]: p.20</ref>

====Gender equity====
Amina Wadud notes that the Qur'an does not mention any specific gender when talking about hell,  Q.{{qref|43|74–76}}, for example,  states that "the guilty are immortal in hell's torment"; and when discussing paradise, includes women, Q.{{qref|3|14–15}}, for example, states that "Beautiful of mankind is love of the joys (that come) from women and offspring..."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Qurʼan and woman: rereading the sacred text from a woman's perspective|last=Wadud, Amina|date=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198029434|edition= [2nd ed.]|location=New York|oclc=252662926}}</ref>