Editing Internet protocol suite (section)

==Layering evolution and representations in the literature==
The Internet protocol suite evolved through research and development funded over a period of time. In this process, the specifics of protocol components and their layering changed. In addition, parallel research and commercial interests from industry associations competed with design features. In particular, efforts in the [[International Organization for Standardization]] led to a similar goal, but with a wider scope of networking in general. Efforts to consolidate the two principal schools of layering, which were superficially similar, but diverged sharply in detail, led independent textbook authors to formulate abridging teaching tools.

The following table shows various such networking models. The number of layers varies between three and seven.

{| class="wikitable"
|-

! style="background:#adb" | Arpanet Reference Model<br/><small>(RFC 871)</small>
! style="background:#adb" | Internet Standard<br/><small>(RFC 1122)</small>
! style="background:#adb" | Internet model<br/><small>(Cisco Academy<ref name="5VTuU">{{cite book |last1=Dye |first1=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVAk7r6jHF4C |title=Network Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Companion Guide |last2=McDonald |first2=Rick |last3=Rufi |first3=Antoon |date=29 October 2007 |publisher=Cisco Press |isbn=9780132877435 |access-date=12 September 2016 |via=Google Books}}</ref>)</small>
! style="background:#adb" | TCP/IP 5-layer reference model<br/><small>(Kozierok,<ref name="6zcxM">{{cite book |last=Kozierok |first=Charles M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pm4RgYV2w4YC |title=The TCP/IP Guide: A Comprehensive, Illustrated Internet Protocols Reference |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=No Starch Press |isbn=9781593270476 |access-date=12 September 2016 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Comer<ref name="lkPs4">{{cite book |last=Comer |first=Douglas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jonyuTASbWAC |title=Internetworking with TCP/IP: Principles, protocols, and architecture |date=1 January 2006 |publisher=Prentice Hall |isbn=0-13-187671-6 |access-date=12 September 2016 |via=Google Books}}</ref>)</small>
! style="background:#adb" | TCP/IP 5-layer reference model<br/><small>(Tanenbaum<ref name="1Hpdo">{{cite book |last=Tanenbaum |first=Andrew S. |url=https://archive.org/details/computernetworks00tane_2 |title=Computer Networks |date=1 January 2003 |publisher=Prentice Hall PTR |isbn=0-13-066102-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/computernetworks00tane_2/page/42 42] |quote=networks. |access-date=12 September 2016 |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>)</small>
! style="background:#adb" | TCP/IP protocol suite or Five-layer Internet model<br/><small>(Forouzan,<ref name="bOyR7">{{cite book |last1=Forouzan |first1=Behrouz A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U3Gcf65Pu9IC |title=Data Communications and Networking |last2=Fegan |first2=Sophia Chung |date=1 August 2003 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Higher Education |isbn=9780072923544 |access-date=12 September 2016 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Kurose<ref name="aCpZD">{{cite book|url=http://www.pearsonhighered.com/educator/academic/product/0,,0321497708,00%2ben-USS_01DBC.html|first1=James F.|last1=Kurose|first2=Keith W.|last2=Ross|title=Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach|date=2008|publisher=Pearson/Addison Wesley |isbn=978-0-321-49770-3|access-date=July 16, 2008|archive-date=January 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123195916/http://www.pearsonhighered.com/educator/academic/product/0,,0321497708,00%2ben-USS_01DBC.html|url-status=live}}</ref>)</small>
! style="background:#adb" | TCP/IP model<br/><small>(Stallings<ref name="IRA2X">{{cite book |last=Stallings |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c_AWmhkovR0C |title=Data and Computer Communications |date=1 January 2007 |publisher=Prentice Hall |isbn=978-0-13-243310-5 |access-date=12 September 2016 |via=Google Books}}</ref>)</small>
! style="background:#adb" | OSI model<br/><small>(ISO/IEC 7498-1:1994<ref>{{cite ISO standard|csnumber=20269|title=ISO/IEC 7498-1:1994 Information technology — Open Systems Interconnection — Basic Reference Model: The Basic Model}}</ref>)</small>
|-

| style="background:#cfc" | ''Three layers''
| style="background:#cfc" | ''Four layers''
| style="background:#cfc" | ''Four layers''
| style="background:#cfc" | ''Four+one layers''
| style="background:#cfc" | ''Five layers''
| style="background:#cfc" | ''Five layers''
| style="background:#cfc" | ''Five layers''
| style="background:#cfc" | ''Seven layers''
|-

| rowspan="3" | Application/ Process
| rowspan="3" | Application
| rowspan="3" | Application
| rowspan="3" | Application
| rowspan="3" | Application
| rowspan="3" | Application
| rowspan="3" | Application
| Application
|-
| Presentation
|-
| Session
|-
| rowspan="2" | Host-to-host
| Transport
| Transport
| Transport
| Transport
| Transport
| Host-to-host or transport
| Transport
|-

| Internet
| Internetwork
| Internet
| Internet
| Network
| Internet
| Network
|-

|| Network interface
|| Link
|| Network interface
| Data link (Network interface)
|| Data link
| Data link
| Network access
| Data link
|-

|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
| (Hardware)
| Physical
| Physical
| Physical
| Physical
|}

Some of the networking models are from textbooks, which are secondary sources that may conflict with the intent of RFC 1122 and other [[IETF]] primary sources.{{Ref RFC|3439}}