Editing Impressionism (section)

== Impressionism in other media ==

=== Sculpture ===

[[File:Bailarina Degas Washington.jpg|upright=0.5|thumb|right|Edgar Degas's ''Little Dancer of Fourteen Years'' at the [[National Gallery of Art]], Washington, D.C.]]

While Edgar Degas was primarily known as a painter in his lifetime, he began to pursue the medium of sculpture later in his artistic career in the 1880s. He created as many as 150 sculptures during his lifetime. Degas preferred the medium of wax for his sculptures because it allowed him to make changes, start over, and further explore the modelling process.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Locheed |first1=Jessica |title=Beyond the form: the ineffable essence of Degas' sculpture |journal=Sculpture Journal |date=June 2009 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=86–99 |doi=10.3828/sj.18.1.7 |url=https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/10.3828/sj.18.1.7 |access-date=18 March 2024 |language=en |issn=1366-2724}}</ref> Only one of Degas's sculptures, ''[[Little Dancer of Fourteen Years]]'', was exhibited in his lifetime, which was exhibited at the Sixth Impressionist Exhibition in 1881. ''Little Dancer'' proved to be controversial with critics. Some considered Degas to have overthrown sculptural traditions in the same way that Impressionism had overthrown the traditions of painting. Others found it to be ugly.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barbour |first1=Daphne |title=Degas's Little Dancer: Not Just a Study in the Nude |journal=Art Journal |date=1995 |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=28–32 |doi=10.2307/777459 |jstor=777459 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/777459 |access-date=18 March 2024 |issn=0004-3249 |archive-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318144700/https://www.jstor.org/stable/777459 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the Degas's death in 1917, his heirs authorized bronze castings from 73 of the artist's sculptures.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kendall |first1=Richard |title=Degas's sculpture in the twenty-first century |journal=The Burlington Magazine |date=2012 |volume=154 |issue=1309 |pages=268–271 |jstor=23232564 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23232564 |access-date=18 March 2024 |issn=0007-6287 |archive-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318144700/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23232564 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The sculptor [[Auguste Rodin]] is sometimes called an Impressionist for the way he used roughly modeled surfaces to suggest transient light effects.<ref>Kleiner, Fred S., and Helen Gardner (2014). ''Gardner's art through the ages: a concise Western history''. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. p. 382. {{ISBN|978-1-133-95479-8}}.</ref> The sculptor [[Medardo Rosso]] has also been called an Impressionist.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Caramel |first1=Luciano |title=Medardo Rosso: Impressions in Wax & Bronze: 1882-1906 |date=1988 |publisher=Kent Fine Arts |location=New York |isbn=978-1-878607-02-7 |pages=10–15 |edition=First |url=https://archive.org/details/medardorossoimpr0000luci/ |access-date=18 March 2024}}</ref>

Some Russian artists created Impressionistic sculptures of animals in order to break away from old world concepts. Their works have been described as endowing birds and beasts with new spiritual characteristics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Portnova |first=Irina |date=2019-12-10 |title=On the meaning and novelty of impressionistic thinking on the example of Russian animalistic sculpture of the late XIX – early XX centuries |journal=Scientific and Analytical Journal Burganov House. The Space of Culture |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=82–107 |doi=10.36340/2071-6818-2019-15-4-82-107 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |issn=2618-7965|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Photography and film ===

While his photographs are less known than his paintings or his sculptures, Edgar Degas also pursued photography later in his life. His photographs were never exhibited during his lifetime, and not much attention was given to them following his death. It was not until the late 20th century that scholars started to take interest in Degas's photographs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Daniel |first1=Malcolm |title=Edgar Degas, Photographer |date=1998 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art, distributed by H.N. Abrams |location=New York |isbn=0-87099-883-8 |pages=6, 11–13 |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/edgar_degas_photographer |access-date=21 March 2024 |archive-date=21 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321030851/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/edgar_degas_photographer |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Pictorialism|Pictorialist]] photographers, whose work is characterized by soft focus and atmospheric effects, have also been called Impressionists. These Impressionist photographers used various techniques such as photographing subjects [[out of focus]], using [[Soft focus|soft focus lenses]] or [[pinhole lens]]es, and manipulating the [[Gum printing|gum bichromate process]] to create images that resembled Impressionist paintings.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Warren |editor1-first=Lynne |title=Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Photography |volume=1, A-F Index |chapter=Impressionism |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-1-57958-393-4 |pages=778–781 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopedia-of-twentieth-century-photography/ |access-date=21 March 2024}}</ref>

[[French Impressionist Cinema]] is a term applied to a loosely defined group of films and filmmakers in France from 1919 to 1929, although these years are debatable. French Impressionist filmmakers include [[Abel Gance]], [[Jean Epstein]], [[Germaine Dulac]], Marcel L'Herbier, [[Louis Delluc]], and Dmitry Kirsanoff.

=== Music ===
{{Main|Impressionist music}}
{{Listen
| type         = music
| filename     = Debussy , Reflets dans l'eau.ogg
| title        = ''Reflets dans l'eau'' (5:33)
| description  = Composed by Debussy in 1905, performed by [[Giorgi Latso]] in 2017.
}}

[[File:クロード・モネ（Claude Monet）《睡蓮（Water Lilies）》1916（大正5）年、国立西洋美術館（松方コレクション）、東京.jpg|thumb|[[Claude Monet]], ''[[Water Lilies (Monet series)|Water Lilies]],'' 1916, [[National Museum of Western Art]], Tokyo]]

Musical Impressionism is the name given to a movement in [[European classical music]] that arose in the late 19th century and continued into the middle of the 20th century. Originating in France, musical Impressionism is characterized by suggestion and atmosphere, and eschews the emotional excesses of the Romantic era. Impressionist composers favoured short forms such as the [[nocturne]], [[Arabesque (classical music)|arabesque]], and [[Prelude (music)|prelude]], and often explored uncommon scales such as the [[whole tone scale]]. Perhaps the most notable innovations of Impressionist composers were the introduction of major 7th chords and the extension of chord structures in 3rds to five- and six-part harmonies.

The influence of visual Impressionism on its musical counterpart is debatable. [[Claude Debussy]] and [[Maurice Ravel]] are generally considered the greatest Impressionist composers, but Debussy disavowed the term, calling it the invention of critics. [[Erik Satie]] was also considered in this category, though his approach was regarded as less serious, more musical novelty in nature.

[[Paul Dukas]] is another French composer sometimes considered an Impressionist, but his style is perhaps more closely aligned to the late Romanticists. Musical Impressionism beyond France includes the work of such composers as [[Ottorino Respighi]] (Italy), [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]], [[Cyril Scott]], and [[John Ireland (composer)|John Ireland]] (England), [[Manuel De Falla]] and [[Isaac Albeniz]] (Spain), and [[Charles Griffes]] (America).

American Impressionist music differs from European Impressionist music, and these differences are mainly reflected in Charles Griffith's poetry of flute and orchestral music. He is also the most prolific Impressionist composer in the United States.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haefliger |first1=Kathleen |last2=Griffes |first2=Charles Tomlinson |date=1986 |title=Piano Music of Charles Tomlinson Griffes |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3052237 |journal=American Music |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=481 |doi=10.2307/3052237 |jstor=3052237 |issn=0734-4392}}</ref>

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Impressionism (literature)}}

The term Impressionism has also been used to describe works of literature in which a few select details suffice to convey the sensory impressions of an incident or scene. Impressionist literature is closely related to [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]], with its major exemplars being [[Charles Baudelaire|Baudelaire]], [[Stéphane Mallarmé|Mallarmé]], [[Arthur Rimbaud|Rimbaud]], and [[Paul Verlaine|Verlaine]]. Authors such as [[Virginia Woolf]], [[D.H. Lawrence]], [[Henry James]], and [[Joseph Conrad]] have written works that are Impressionistic in the way that they describe, rather than interpret, the impressions, sensations and emotions that constitute a character's mental life. Some literary scholars, such as John G. Peters, believe literary Impressionism is better defined by its philosophical stance than by any supposed relationship with Impressionist painting.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berrong |first=Richard M. |date=2006-06-01 |title=Modes of Literary Impressionism |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00166928-39-2-203 |journal=Genre |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=203–228 |doi=10.1215/00166928-39-2-203 |issn=0016-6928}}</ref>

[[File:Camille Pissarro 019.jpg|thumb|[[Camille Pissarro]], ''Children on a Farm'', 1887]]