Editing Iazyges (section)

===Early history===
[[File:Crimea 2nd century BC map.png|thumb|Location of the Iazyges (J) before they moved westward{{sfn|Ethno-Political map of ancient Eurasia}}|alt=A colored political map of the Black Sea coast with locations shown with numerals and letters.]]

In the 3rd century BC the Iazyges lived in modern-day south-eastern Ukraine along the northern shores of the [[Sea of Azov]], which the Ancient Greeks and Romans called the [[Sea of Azov#Antiquity|Lake of Maeotis]]. From there, the Iazyges—or at least some of them—moved west along the shores of the Black Sea into modern-day [[Moldova]] and [[Budjak|south-western Ukraine]].{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=313}}{{sfn|Grumeza|2009|p=40}}{{sfn|Quigley|1983|p=509}} It is possible the entirety of the Iazyges did not move west and that some of them stayed along the Sea of Azov, which would explain the occasional occurrence of the surname ''{{lang|la|Metanastae}}''; the Iazyges that possibly remained along the Sea of Azov, however, are never mentioned again.{{sfn|Maenchen-Helfen|Knight|1973|p=448}}

====Migration====
[[File:Roman provinces in a 1867 school atlas.jpg|thumb|Roman Balkans in the 1st century AD with the Jazyges Metanastæ between Roman Pannonia and Dacia{{sfn|Johnston|1867|p=28}}|alt=A colored political map of Balkans during the first century.]]
In the 2nd century{{nbsp}}BC, sometime before 179{{nbsp}}BC, the Iazyges began to migrate westward to the steppe near the [[Lower Dniester]]. This may have occurred because the [[Roxolani]], who were the Iazyges' eastern neighbors, were also migrating westward due to pressure from the [[Aorsi]], which put pressure on the Iazyges and forced them to migrate westward as well.{{sfn|Cook|Adcock|1965|p=93}}{{sfn|Cunliffe|2015|p=284}}{{sfn|Bunson|1995|p=367}}

The views of modern scholars as to how and when the Iazyges entered the Pannonian plain are divided. The main source of division is over the issue of if the Romans approved, or even ordered, the Iazyges to migrate, with both sides being subdivided into groups debating the timing of such a migration. [[Andreas Alföldi]] states that the Iazyges could not have been present to the north-east and east of the Pannonian Danube unless they had Roman approval. This viewpoint is supported by [[János Harmatta]], who claims that the Iazyges were settled with both the approval and support of the Romans, so as to act as a [[buffer state]] against the Dacians. [[András Mócsy]] suggests that [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Augur]], who was Roman consul in 26{{nbsp}}BC, may have been responsible for the settlement of the Iazyges as a buffer between Pannonia and Dacia. However, Mócsy also suggests that the Iazyges may have arrived gradually, such that they initially were not noticed by the Romans. [[John Wilkes (archaeologist)|John Wilkes]] believes that the Iazyges reached the Pannonian plain either by the end of [[Augustus]]'s rule (14{{nbsp}}AD) or some time between 17 and 20{{nbsp}}AD. [[Constantin Daicoviciu]] suggests that the Iazyges entered the area around 20{{nbsp}}AD, after the Romans called upon them to be a buffer state. [[Coriolan Opreanu]] supports the theory of the Iazyges being invited, or ordered, to occupy the Pannonian plain, also around 20{{nbsp}}AD.{{sfn|Bârcă|2013|p=104}} [[Gheorghe Bichir]] and [[Ion Horațiu Crișan]] support the theory that the Iazyges first began to enter the Pannonian plain in large numbers under Tiberius, around 20{{nbsp}}AD.{{sfn|Bârcă|2013|pp=104–105}} The most prominent scholars that state the Iazyges were not brought in by the Romans, or later approved, are [[Doina Benea]], [[Mark Ščukin]], and [[Jenő Fitz]]. Doina Benea states that the Iazyges slowly infiltrated the Pannonian plain sometime in the first half of the 1st century{{nbsp}}AD, without Roman involvement. Jenő Fitz promotes the theory that the Iazyges arrived ''en masse'' around 50{{nbsp}}AD, although a gradual infiltration preceded it. Mark Ščukin states only that the Iazyges arrived by themselves sometime around 50{{nbsp}}AD. [[Andrea Vaday]] argued against the theory of a Roman approved or ordered migration, citing the lack of strategic reasoning, as the Dacians were not actively providing a threat to Rome during the 20–50{{nbsp}}AD period.{{sfn|Bârcă|2013|p=105}}

The occupation of the lands between the Danube and Tisza by the Iazyges was mentioned by [[Pliny the Elder]] in his [[Natural History (Pliny)|''Naturalis Historia'']] (77–79{{nbsp}}AD), in which he says that the Iazyges inhabited the basins and plains of the lands, while the forested and mountainous area largely retained a Dacian population, which was later pushed back to the Tisza by the Iazyges. Pliny's statements are corroborated by the earlier accounts of [[Seneca the Younger]] in his ''[[Naturales quaestiones|Quaestiones Naturales]]'' (61–64{{nbsp}}AD), where he uses the Iazyges to discuss the borders that separate the various peoples.{{sfn|Bârcă|2013|p=104}}

From 78 to 76{{nbsp}}BC, the Romans led an expedition to an area north of the Danube—then the Iazyges' territory—because the Iazyges had allied with [[Mithridates VI of Pontus]], with whom the Romans were at war.{{sfn|Hildinger|2001|p=50}}{{sfn|Hinds|2009|p=71}} In 44{{nbsp}}BC King [[Burebista]] of Dacia died and his kingdom began to collapse. After this, the Iazyges began to take possession of the Pannonian Basin, the land between the Danube and [[Tisa River|Tisa]] rivers in modern-day south-central Hungary.{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=21}} Historians have posited this was done at the behest of the Romans, who sought to form a [[buffer state]] between their provinces and the [[Dacians]] to protect the Roman province of [[Pannonia]].{{sfn|Harmatta|1970|p=42}}{{sfn|Daicoviciu|Condurachi|1971|p=100}}{{sfn|Goffart|2010|p=80}}{{sfn|Dzino|2010|p=168}}{{sfn|Williams|1997|p=64}}{{Sfn|Cook|Adcock|1965|p=85}} The Iazyges encountered the [[Basternae]] and [[Getae]] along their migration path sometime around 20{{nbsp}}AD and turned southward to follow the coast of the Black Sea until they settled in the [[Danube Delta]].{{sfn|Cunliffe|2015|p=284}} This move is attested by the large discrepancy in the location reported by [[Tacitus]] relative to that which was earlier given by [[Ovid]].{{sfn|Williams|1994|p=6}} Archeological finds suggest that while the Iazyges took hold of the northern plain between the Danube and the Tisa by around 50{{nbsp}}AD, they did not take control of the land south of the [[Partiscum-Lugio line]] until the late 1st or early 2nd century.{{sfn|Bârcă|2013|p=107}}

The effects of this migration have been observed in the ruins of burial sites left behind by the Iazyges; the standard grave goods made of gold being buried alongside a person were absent, as was the equipment of a warrior; this may have been because the Iazyges were no longer in contact with the Pontic Steppe and were cut off from all trade with them, which had previously been a vital part of their economy. Another problem with the Iazyges' new location was that it lacked both precious minerals and metals, such as iron, which could be turned into weapons. They found it was much more difficult to raid the Romans, who had organized armies around the area, as opposed to the disorganized armies of their previous neighbors. The cutting-off of trade with the Pontic Steppe meant they could no longer trade for gold for burial sites, assuming any of them could afford it. The only such goods they could find were the pottery and metals of the adjacent Dacian and Celtic peoples. Iron weapons would have been exceedingly rare, if the Iazyges even had them, and would likely have been passed down from father to son rather than buried because they could not have been replaced.{{sfn|Harmatta|1970|pp=43–45}}

====Post-migration====
[[File:Dacia 125.png|thumb|right|200px|Map showing Iazyges in 125 AD west of Roman Dacia]]
After the conquest of the Pannonian Basin, the Iazyges appear to have ruled over some measure of the remaining Germanic, Celtic, and Dacian populations, with the hilly areas north of modern-day Budapest retaining strong Germanic traditions, with a significant presence of Germanic burial traditions.{{sfn|Higham|2018|p=47}} Items of Celtic manufacturing appear up until the late 2nd century{{NBSP}}AD, in the northern area of the Carpathian Basin.{{sfn|Higham|2018|pp=47–48}}

During the time of [[Augustus]], the Iazyges sent an embassy to Rome to request friendly relations.{{sfn|Stover|2012|p=9}} In a modern context, these "friendly relations" would be similar to a [[non-aggression pact]].{{sfn|Sands|2016|p=13}} Around this time, some of the western parts of the land of the Iazyges were occupied, apparently without conflict, by the [[Quadi]], which scholar Nicholas Higham states "suggests long-term collaboration between [them]".{{sfn|Higham|2018|p=47}}

Later, during the reign of [[Tiberius]], the Iazyges became one of many new client-tribes of Rome. Roman client states were treated according to the Roman tradition of patronage, exchanging rewards for service.{{sfn|Luttwak|1981|p=21}}{{sfn|Salway|1982|p=208}} The client king was called ''socius et amicus Romani Populi'' (ally and friend of the Roman People); the exact obligations and rewards of this relationship, however, are vague.{{sfn|Elton|1996|p=12}} Even after being made into a client state, the Iazyges conducted raids across their border with Rome, for example in 6{{nbsp}}AD and again in 16{{nbsp}}AD. In 20{{nbsp}}AD the Iazyges moved westward along the [[Carpathians]] into the [[Pannonian Steppe]], and settled in the steppes between the Danube and the [[Tisza river]], taking absolute control of the territory from the Dacians.{{sfn|Cunliffe|2015|p=284}} In 50{{nbsp}}AD, an Iazyges cavalry detachment assisted King [[Vannius]], a Roman client-king of the Quadi, in his fight against the [[Suevi]].{{sfn|Malcor|Littleton|2013|p=16}}{{sfn|Bârcă|Cociş|2013|p=104}}

In the [[Year of Four Emperors]], 69{{nbsp}}AD, the Iazyges gave their support to [[Vespasian]], who went on to become the sole emperor of Rome.{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=314}} The Iazyges also offered to guard the Roman border with the Dacians to free up troops for Vespasian's invasion of Italy; Vespasian refused, however, fearing they would attempt a takeover or defect. Vespasian required the chiefs of the Iazyges to serve in his army so they could not organize an attack on the undefended area around the Danube.{{sfn|McLaughlin|2016|p=147}}{{sfn|Hoyos|2013|p=221}}{{sfn|Henderson|1927|p=158}}{{sfn|Master|2016|p=135}}{{sfn|Saddington|1982|pp=41 & 115}} Vespasian enjoyed support from the majority of the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] and Dacian tribes.{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=314}}

Domitian's campaign against Dacia was mostly unsuccessful; the Romans, however, won a minor skirmish that allowed him to claim it as a victory, even though he paid the King of Dacia, [[Decebalus]], an annual tribute of eight million sesterces in tribute to end the war.{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=314}}{{sfn|Jones|1993|p=150}} Domitian returned to Rome and received an [[ovation]], but not a full [[Roman triumph|triumph]]. Considering that Domitian had been given the title of [[Imperator]]—for military victories 22 times, this was markedly restrained, suggesting the populace—or at least the senate—was aware it had been a less-than-successful war, despite Domitian's claims otherwise.{{sfn|Grainger|2004|p=22}}{{efn|Some sources say that Domitian was offered a triumph, but refused.{{sfn|Murison|1999|p=254}}}} In 89{{nbsp}}AD, however, Domitian invaded the Iazyges along with the Quadi and Marcomanni. Few details of this war are known but it is recorded that the Romans were defeated,{{sfn|Mattingly|2010|p=94}} it is, however, known that Roman troops acted to repel simultaneous incursion by the Iazyges into Dacian lands.{{sfn|Bârcă|2013|p=18}}

In early 92{{nbsp}}AD the Iazyges, Roxolani, Dacians, and [[Suebi]] invaded the Roman province of Pannonia—modern-day Croatia, northern Serbia, and western Hungary.{{sfn|Grainger|2004|p=22}}{{sfn|Henderson|1927|p=166}}{{sfn|Jones|1908|p=143}} Emperor Domitian called upon the [[Quadi]] and the [[Marcomanni]] to supply troops to the war. Both client-tribes refused to supply troops so Rome declared war upon them as well. In May 92{{nbsp}}AD, the Iazyges annihilated the Roman [[Legio XXI Rapax]] in battle.{{sfn|Grainger|2004|p=22}}{{sfn|Jones|1908|p=143}}{{sfn|Swan|2004|p=165}} Domitian, however, is said to have secured victory in this war by January of the next year.{{sfn|Ryberg|1967|p=30}} It is believed, based upon a rare Aureus coin showing an Iazyx with a Roman standard kneeling, with the caption of "''Signis a Sarmatis Resitvtis''", that the standard is taken from the annihilated Legio XXI Rapax was returned to Rome at the end of the war.{{sfn|Tsetskhladze|2001|p=424}} Although the accounts of the Roman-Iazyges wars of 89 and 92{{nbsp}}AD are both muddled, it has been shown they are separate wars and not a continuation of the same war.{{sfn|Habelt|1967|p=122}} The threat presented by the Iazyges and neighbouring people to the Roman provinces was significant enough that Emperor [[Trajan]] travelled across the Mid and Lower Danube in late 98 to early 99, where he inspected existing fortification and initiated the construction of more forts and roads.{{sfn|Bârcă|2013|p=18}}

[[Tacitus]], a Roman Historian, records in his book ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]'', which was written in 98{{nbsp}}AD, that the [[Osi (ancient tribe)|Osi]] tribes paid tribute to both the Iazyges and the Quadi, although the exact date this relationship began is unknown.{{sfn|Hastings|Selbie|Gray|1921|p=589}}

During the [[Flavian dynasty]], the princes of the Iazyges were trained in the Roman army, officially as an honor but in reality serving as a hostage, because the kings held absolute power over the Iazyges.{{sfn|Wellesley|2002|p=133}} There were offers from the princes of the Iazyges to supply troops but these were denied because of the fear they might revolt or desert in a war.{{sfn|Ash|Wellesley|2009|p=3–5}}