Editing Human intelligence (section)

=== Intelligence compensation theory (ICT) ===
The intelligence compensation theory<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wood | first1 = P. | last2 = Englert | first2 = P. | s2cid = 55636417 | year = 2009 | title = Intelligence compensation theory: A critical examination of the negative relationship between conscientiousness and fluid and crystallised intelligence | journal = The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Organisational Psychology | volume = 2 | pages = 19–29 | doi=10.1375/ajop.2.1.19}}</ref> states that individuals who are comparatively less intelligent work harder and more methodically, and become more resolute and thorough (more conscientious) in order to achieve goals, to compensate for their "lack of intelligence" whereas more intelligent individuals do not require traits/behaviours associated with the personality factor [[conscientiousness]] to progress as they can rely on the strength of their cognitive abilities as opposed to structure or effort.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite journal | last1 = Chamorro-Premuzic | first1 = T. | last2 = Furnham | first2 = A. | year = 2004 | title = A possible model for explaining the personality–intelligence interface | journal = British Journal of Psychology | volume = 95 | issue = 2| pages = 249–264 | doi=10.1348/000712604773952458| pmid = 15142305 }}
|2={{cite journal | last1 = Moutafi | first1 = J. | last2 = Furnham | first2 = A. | last3 = Crump | first3 = J. | year = 2003 | title = Demographic and Personality Predictors of Intelligence: A study using the Neo Personality Inventory and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator | journal = European Journal of Personality | volume = 17 | pages = 79–94 | doi=10.1002/per.471| s2cid = 143599504}} }}</ref> The theory suggests the existence of a causal relationship between intelligence and conscientiousness, such that the development of the personality trait of conscientiousness is influenced by intelligence. This assumption is deemed plausible as it is unlikely that the reverse causal relationship could occur;<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Moutafi | first1 = J. | last2 = Furnham | first2 = A. | last3 = Paltiel | first3 = L. | year = 2004 | title = Why is conscientiousness negatively correlated with intelligence? | journal = Personality and Individual Differences | volume = 37 | issue = 5| pages = 1013–1022 | doi=10.1016/j.paid.2003.11.010}}</ref> implying that the negative correlation would be higher between [[fluid intelligence]] (''g<sub>f</sub>'') and conscientiousness. This is justified by the timeline of development of ''g<sub>f</sub>'', ''g<sub>c</sub>'', and personality, as [[crystallized intelligence]] would not have developed completely when personality traits develop. Subsequently, during school-going ages, more conscientious children would be expected to gain more crystallized intelligence (knowledge) through education, as they would be more efficient, thorough, hard-working, and dutiful.<ref>{{cite book|last=Brody|first=N.|year=1992|title=Intelligence|edition=2nd|location=New York|publisher=Academic Press}}</ref>

This theory has recently been contradicted by evidence that identifies ''compensatory sample selection'' which attributes the findings to the bias that comes from selecting samples containing people above a certain threshold of achievement.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Murray | first1 = A. L. | last2 = Johnson | first2 = W. | last3 = McGue | first3 = M. | last4 = Iacono | first4 = W. G. | year = 2014 | title = How are conscientiousness and cognitive ability related to one another? A re-examination of the intelligence compensation hypothesis | journal = Personality and Individual Differences | volume = 70 | pages = 17–22 | doi=10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.014}}</ref>