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== Monarchy since 1813 == {{NassauNeth}} {{Main|Monarchy of the Netherlands}} ===United Kingdom of the Netherlands=== After a repressed Dutch rebel action, Prussian and Cossack troops drove out the French in 1813, with the support of the [[Patriottentijd|Patriots of 1785]]. A provisional government was formed, most of whose members had helped drive out William V 18 years earlier. However, they were realistic enough to accept that any new government would have to be headed by William V's son, William Frederick (William VI). All agreed that it would be better in the long term for the Dutch to restore William themselves rather than have him imposed by the allies.<ref name=Rowen/>{{rp|230}} [[File:Prince William of Orange gets wounded at the shoulder.jpg|thumb|left|Prince [[William II of the Netherlands|William of Orange]] wounded at [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]], 1815]] At the invitation of the provisional government, William Frederick returned to the Netherlands on November 30. This move was strongly supported by the United Kingdom, which sought ways to strengthen the Netherlands and deny future French aggressors easy access to the Low Countries' Channel ports. The provisional government offered William the crown. He refused, believing that a stadholdership would give him more power. Thus, on December 6, William proclaimed himself [[Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands|hereditary sovereign prince]] of the Netherlands—something between a kingship and a stadholdership. In 1814, he was awarded sovereignty over the Austrian Netherlands and the [[Prince-Bishopric of Liège]] as well. On March 15, 1815, with the support of the powers gathered at the [[Congress of Vienna]], William proclaimed himself [[William I of the Netherlands|King William I]]. He was also made grand duke of [[Luxembourg]], and (to assuage French sensitivity by distancing the title from the [[Principality of Orange|now-defunct principality]]) the title 'Prince of Orange' was changed to 'Prince of Oranje'.<ref>{{cite book | last =Couvée | first =D.H. | author2 =G. Pikkemaat | title =1813-15, ons koninkrijk geboren | publisher =N. Samsom nv | year =1963 | location =Alphen aan den Rijn | pages =119–139}}</ref> The two countries remained separate, though they shared a common monarch via a [[personal union]]. William had thus fulfilled the House of Orange's three-century quest to unite the Low Countries.<ref name=Blok/>{{rp|vol5,398}} The institution of the [[Monarchy of the Netherlands|monarch in the Netherlands]] is considered an office under the [[Constitution of the Netherlands]].<ref>Articles 24–49 of the Constitution of the Netherlands.</ref> There are none of the religious connotations to the office as in some other monarchies.{{cn|date=October 2022}} A Dutch sovereign is inaugurated rather than crowned in a [[coronation]] ceremony.{{cn|date=October 2022}} It was initially more of a crowned/hereditary presidency, and a continuation of the status quo ante of the pre-1795 hereditary [[Stadtholder|stadholderate]] in the [[Dutch Republic|Republic]].{{cn|date=October 2022}} In practice, the current monarch has considerably less power than the stadtholder.{{cn|date=October 2022}} As king of the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]], William tried to establish one common culture. This provoked resistance in the southern parts of the country, which had been culturally separate from the north since 1581. He was considered an [[enlightened despotism|enlightened despot]].<ref name=Blok/>{{rp|vol5,399}} The Prince of Orange held rights to Nassau lands (Dillenburg, Dietz, Beilstein, Hadamar, Siegen) in central Germany. On the other hand, the King of Prussia, [[Frederick William III]]—brother-in-law and first cousin of William I, had beginning from 1813 managed to establish his rule in Luxembourg, which he regarded as his inheritance from [[Anne, Duchess of Luxembourg]] who had died over three centuries earlier. At the Congress of Vienna, the two brothers-in-law agreed to a trade—Frederick William received William I's ancestral lands while William I received Luxembourg. Both got what was geographically nearer to their centre of power.<ref name=Blok/>{{rp|vol5,392}} In 1830, most of the southern portion of William's realm—the former Austrian Netherlands and Prince-Bishopric—declared independence as Belgium. William fought a disastrous war until 1839 when he was forced to settle for peace. With his realm halved, he decided to abdicate in 1840 in favour of his son, [[William II of the Netherlands|William II]]. Although William II shared his father's conservative inclinations, in 1848 he accepted an amended constitution that significantly curbed his own authority and transferred the real power to the States General. He took this step to prevent the [[Revolutions of 1848]] from spreading to his country.<ref name=Blok/>{{rp|vol5,455–463}} ===William III and the risk of extinction=== {{Further|Luxembourg Crisis|Republicanism in the Netherlands#1848–1890: Waning popularity|Republicanism in the Netherlands#Succession secured, republic prevented}} William II died in 1849. He was succeeded by his son, [[William III of the Netherlands|William III]]. A rather [[Conservatism|conservative]], even reactionary man, William III was sharply opposed to the new 1848 constitution. He continually tried to form governments that were dependent on his support, even though it was prohibitively difficult for a government to stay in office against the will of Parliament. In 1868, he tried to sell [[Luxembourg]] to [[France]], which was the source of a quarrel between [[Prussia]] and [[France]].<ref name=Blok/>{{rp|vol5,483}} William III had a rather unhappy marriage with [[Sophie of Württemberg]], and his heirs died young. This raised the possibility of the extinction of the House of Orange-Nassau. After the death of Queen Sophie in 1877, William remarried to 20-year-old [[Emma of the Netherlands|Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont]] in 1879; he was 41 years older than her. On 31 August 1880, Queen Emma gave birth to their daughter and the royal heiress, [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands|Wilhelmina]].<ref name=Blok/>{{rp|vol5,497–498}} There were considerably more concerns over the royal dynasty's future, when Wilhelmina's marriage with [[Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] (since 1901) repeatedly resulted in [[miscarriage]]s. Had the House of Orange died out, the throne would likely have passed to [[Prince Heinrich XXXII Reuss of Köstritz]], leading the Netherlands into an undesirably strong influence from the [[German Empire]] that would threaten Dutch independence.<ref>"Were A Monarch To Fall Dead", ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 7 May 1905.</ref> Not just Socialists, but now also [[Anti-Revolutionary Party|Anti-Revolutionary]] politicians including Prime Minister [[Abraham Kuyper]] and Liberals such as [[Samuel van Houten]] advocated the restoration of the Republic in Parliament in case the marriage remained childless.<ref name="beatrixisme">{{Cite news |url=http://www.groene.nl/artikel/het-beatrixisme-zolang-beatrix-de-pvda-aan-haar-zijde-weet-te-houden-is-er-voor-oranje-weinig-kou-in-de-lucht |title=Het beatrixisme: zolang Beatrix de PvdA aan haar zijde weet te houden, is er voor Oranje weinig kou in de lucht |author=J.g. Kikkert |work=De Groene Amsterdammer |date=30 April 1997 |access-date=23 May 2015}}</ref> The birth of [[Juliana of the Netherlands|Princess Juliana]] in 1909 put the question to rest.<ref name="beatrixisme"/> === Monarchy in modern times === [[File:Het Frederiksplein te Amsterdam tijdens de intocht van koningin Wilhelmina, 5 september 1898 Rijksmuseum SK-A-1849.jpeg|thumb|right|Frederiksplein in Amsterdam during the entry of Queen Wilhelmina, 5 September 1898]] Wilhelmina was queen of the [[Netherlands]] for 58 years, from 1890 to 1948. Because she was only 10 years old in 1890, her mother, [[Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont]], was the regent until Wilhelmina's 18th birthday in 1898. Since females were not allowed to hold power in Luxembourg, due to [[Salic law]], Luxembourg passed to the House of [[Nassau-Weilburg]], a collateral line to the House of Orange-Nassau. For a time, it appeared that the Dutch royal family would die with Wilhelmina. Her half-brother, [[Alexander, Prince of Orange|Prince Alexander]], had died in 1884, and no royal babies were born from then until Wilhelmina gave birth to her only child, [[Juliana of the Netherlands|Juliana]], in 1909. The Dutch royal house remained quite small until the later 1930s and the early 1940s, during which time Juliana gave birth to four daughters. Although the House of Orange died out in its male line with the death of Queen Wilhelmina, it continued in the female line as can be seen in other modern European monarchies, the name "Orange" continues to be used by the Dutch royalty<ref name=Blok/>{{rp|vol5,507–508}} and as evidenced in many patriotic songs, such as "[[Oranje boven]]".{{cn|date=October 2022}} The Netherlands remained neutral in [[World War I]], during her reign, and the country was not invaded by [[German Empire|Germany]], as neighbouring [[Belgium]] was.<ref name=koninklijkhuis/> Nevertheless, Queen Wilhelmina became a symbol of the Dutch resistance during [[World War II]]. The [[moral authority]] of the Monarchy was restored because of her rule. After 58 years on the throne as the Queen, Wilhelmina decided to abdicate in favour of her daughter, Juliana. Juliana had the reputation of making the monarchy less "aloof", and under her reign the Monarchy became known as the "cycling monarchy". Members of the royal family were often seen riding [[bicycle]]s through the cities and the countryside under Juliana.<ref name=koninklijkhuis/> A [[Republicanism in the Netherlands#Beatrix–Claus marriage controversy|royal marriage controversy]] occurred in 1966 when Juliana's eldest daughter, the future [[Beatrix of the Netherlands|Queen Beatrix]], decided to marry [[Prince Claus of the Netherlands|Claus von Amsberg]], a German diplomat. The marriage of a member of the royal family to a German was quite controversial in the Netherlands, which had suffered under Nazi German occupation in 1940–45. This reluctance to accept a German consort probably was exacerbated by von Amsberg's former membership in the [[Hitler Youth]] under the Nazi regime in his native country, and also his following service in the German [[Wehrmacht]]. Beatrix needed permission from the government to marry anyone if she wanted to remain heiress to the throne, but after some argument, it was granted. As the years went by, Prince Claus was fully accepted by the Dutch people. In time, he became one of the most popular members of the Dutch monarchy, and his death in 2002 was widely mourned.<ref name=koninklijkhuis/> On April 30, 1980, Queen Juliana abdicated in favour of her daughter, Beatrix. In the early years of the twenty-first century, the Dutch monarchy remained popular with a large part of the population. Beatrix's eldest son, [[Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands|Willem-Alexander]], was born on April 27, 1967; the first immediate male heir to the Dutch throne since the death of his great-granduncle, Prince Alexander, in 1884. Willem-Alexander married [[Queen Máxima of the Netherlands|Máxima Zorreguieta]], an [[Argentina|Argentine]] banker, in 2002; the first commoner ever to marry an heir apparent to the Dutch throne. They are parents of three daughters: [[Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands|Catharina-Amalia]], [[Princess Alexia of the Netherlands|Alexia]], and [[Princess Ariane of the Netherlands|Ariane]]. After a long struggle with neurological illness, Queen Juliana died on March 20, 2004, and her husband, [[Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld|Prince Bernhard]], died on December 1 of that same year.<ref name=koninklijkhuis/> Upon Beatrix's abdication on April 30, 2013, the Prince of Orange was inaugurated as King Willem-Alexander, becoming the Netherlands' first male ruler since 1890. His eldest daughter, Catharina-Amalia, as heiress apparent to the throne, became [[Princess of Orange]] in her own right.<ref name=koninklijkhuis/> ===Net worth=== {{see also|List of the richest royals}} Unlike other royal houses, there has always been a separation in the Netherlands between what was owned by the state and used by the House of Orange in their offices as monarch, or previously, stadtholder, and the personal investments and fortune of the House of Orange.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} As [[Monarchy of the Netherlands|monarch]], the King or Queen has use of, but not ownership of, the [[Huis ten Bosch]] as a residence and [[Noordeinde Palace]] as a work palace. In addition, the [[Royal Palace of Amsterdam]] is also at the disposal of the monarch (although it is only used for state visits and is open to the public when not in use for that purpose). [[Soestdijk Palace]] was sold to private investors in 2017. The [[Dutch Royal Regalia|crown jewels]], comprising the [[crown (headgear)|crown]], [[Globus cruciger|orb and sceptre]], [[Sword of State]], royal banner, and ermine mantle have been placed in the Crown Property Trust. The trust also holds the items used on ceremonial occasions, such as the carriages, table silver, and dinner services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/content.jsp?objectid=13343|title=Dutch Royal House – Movable Property|access-date=2008-06-29| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929135903/http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/content.jsp?objectid=13343| archive-date = 29 September 2007}}</ref> The Royal House is also [[Monarchy of the Netherlands#Royal privileges|exempt from income, inheritance, and personal tax]].<ref>{{in lang|nl}} [[wikisource:nl:Nederlandse grondwet/Hoofdstuk 2#Artikel 40|Constitution for the Kingdom of the Netherlands]] Article 40 (Dutch edition of WikiSource)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.government.nl/documents/regulations/2012/10/18/the-constitution-of-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands-2008|title=The Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands 2008|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|website=www.government.nl|date=18 October 2012}}</ref> The House of Orange has long had the reputation of being one of the wealthier royal houses in the world, largely due to their business investments in [[Royal Dutch Shell]], [[Philips]] electronics company, [[KLM|KLM-Royal Dutch Airlines]], and the [[Holland-America Line]]. How significant these investments are is a matter of conjecture, as their private finances, unlike their public stipends as monarch, are not open to public scrutiny.<ref name=ForbesRoyals2010>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20100710144237/http://www.forbes.com/2010/07/07/richest-royals-wealth-monarch-wedding-divorce-billionaire_slide_2.html In Pictures: The World's Richest Royals]." ''Forbes''. 7 July 2010. 30 September 2010.</ref> As late as 2001, the fortune of the Royal Family was estimated by various sources (''Forbes'' magazine) at $3.2 billion. Most of the wealth was reported to come from the family's longstanding stake in the [[Royal Dutch Shell|Royal Dutch/Shell Group]]. At one time, the Oranges reportedly owned as much as 25% of the oil company; their stake is in 2001 was estimated at a minimum of 2%, worth $2.7 billion on the May 21 cutoff date for the Billionaires issue. The family also was estimated to have a 1% stake in financial services firm [[ABN-AMRO]].<ref>"[https://www.forbes.com/2001/06/26/0626queens.html How Much Is Queen Elizabeth Worth?]." ''Forbes'' 26 June 2001.</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20020811075717/http://www.forbes.com/2002/03/04/royalsphotoshow_2.html Royal Flush]." ''Forbes'' 4 March 2002.</ref> The royal family's fortune seems to have been hit by declines in real estate and equities after 2008. They were also rumored to have lost up to $100 million when [[Bernard Madoff]]'s [[Madoff investment scandal|Ponzi scheme collapsed]], though the royal house denies the allegations.<ref>"[https://www.forbes.com/2009/06/17/monarchs-wealth-scandal-business-billionaires-richest-royals_slide_15.html Monarchs and the Madoff Scandal]." ''Forbes''. 17 June 2009.</ref> In 2009, ''Forbes'' estimated Queen Beatrix's wealth at US$300 million.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/2007/08/30/worlds-richest-royals-biz-royals07-cx_lk_0830royalintro_slide_15.html?thisSpeed=30000 |title=In Pictures: The World's Richest Royals |magazine=Forbes.com |date=30 August 2007 |access-date=2010-03-05}}</ref> This could also have been due to splitting the fortune between Queen Beatrix and her 3 sisters, as there is no right of the eldest to inherit the whole property. A surge in export revenue, recovery in real estate and strong stock market have helped steady the royal family's fortunes, but uncertainty over the new government and future austerity measures needed to bring budget deficits in line may dampen future prospects. In July 2010, ''Forbes'' magazine estimated her net worth at $200 million<ref name="ForbesRoyals2010"/> This estimate was unchanged in April 2011.<ref name=ForbesRoyals2012>"[https://www.forbes.com/sites/investopedia/2011/04/29/the-worlds-richest-royals/ Report: The World's Richest Royals]." ''Forbes''. April 29, 2011.</ref>
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