Editing Homeopathy (section)

=== Dilutions ===
{{Main|Homeopathic dilutions}}

[[File:Arnica montana homéopathie zoom.jpg|thumb|This bottle is labelled ''[[Arnica montana]]'' (wolf's bane) D6, i.e. the nominal dilution is one [[parts per million|part in a million]] (10<sup>'''-6'''</sup>).]]Hahnemann claimed that undiluted doses caused reactions, sometimes dangerous ones, and thus that preparations be given at the lowest possible dose.<ref name="Kayne 53">
{{cite book|author=Kayne SB|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w2IFcHJYTSYC&q=homeopathic%20proving%20method&pg=PA53|title=Homeopathic pharmacy: theory and practice|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=2006|isbn=978-0-443-10160-1|edition=2|page=53}}</ref> A solution that is more dilute is described as having a higher "potency", and thus are claimed to be stronger and deeper-acting.<ref>
{{cite web|title=Glossary of Homeopathic Terms|url=http://altmed.creighton.edu/Homeopathy/Glossary.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016234338/http://altmed.creighton.edu/Homeopathy/glossary.htm|archive-date=October 16, 2012|access-date=February 15, 2009|publisher=Creighton University Department of Pharmacology|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The general method of dilution is [[serial dilution]], where solvent is added to part of the previous mixture, but the "Korsakovian" method may also be used. In the Korsakovian method, the vessel in which the preparations are manufactured is emptied, refilled with solvent, with the volume of fluid adhering to the walls of the vessel deemed sufficient for the new batch.<ref name="Shelton" />{{rp|270|date=January 2015}} The Korsakovian method is sometimes referred to as K on the label of a homeopathic preparation.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 22, 2011|title=Homeopathy: Diluted out of existence?|url=http://www.scilogs.com/in_scientio_veritas/homeopathy-diluted-out-of-existence/|access-date=June 15, 2015|publisher=scilogs.com/in_scientio_veritas}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Homeopathic Medicine Potency or Dilution|url=http://www.ritecare.com/homeopathic/guide_potency.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821064849/http://www.ritecare.com/homeopathic/guide_potency.asp|archive-date=August 21, 2015|access-date=June 15, 2015|publisher=ritecare.com}}</ref> Another method is Fluxion, which dilutes the substance by continuously passing water through the vial.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Winston|first=Julian|date=1989-04-01|title=A brief history of potentizing machines|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000707858980050X|journal=British Homoeopathic Journal|language=en|volume=78|issue=2|pages=59–68|doi=10.1016/S0007-0785(89)80050-X|s2cid=71942187 |issn=0007-0785}}</ref> Insoluble solids, such as [[granite]], [[diamond]], and [[platinum]], are diluted by grinding them with lactose ("[[trituration]]").<ref name="Shelton" />{{rp|23}}

Three main [[Logarithmic scale|logarithmic]] dilution scales are in regular use in homeopathy. Hahnemann created the "centesimal" or "C scale", diluting a substance by a factor of 100 at each stage. There is also a decimal dilution scale (notated as "X" or "D") in which the preparation is diluted by a factor of 10 at each stage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ritecare.com/homeopathic/guide_potency.asp|title=Homeopathic Medicine Potency or Dilution|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821064849/http://www.ritecare.com/homeopathic/guide_potency.asp|archive-date=August 21, 2015|access-date=June 15, 2015}}</ref> The centesimal scale was favoured by Hahnemann for most of his life, although in his last ten years Hahnemann developed a quintamillesimal (Q) scale which diluted the drug 1 part in 50,000.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adler|first1=U. C.|last2=Adler|first2=M. S.|date=2006|title=Hahnemann's experiments with 50 millesimal potencies: a further review of his casebooks|journal=Homeopathy|volume=95|issue=3|pages=171–181|doi=10.1016/j.homp.2006.03.003|issn=1475-4916|pmid=16815521|s2cid=3760829 }}</ref> A 2C dilution works out to one part of the original substance in 10,000 parts of the solution. In standard chemistry, this produces a substance with a concentration of 0.01% ([[Concentration#Volume-volume percentage|volume-volume percentage]]). A 6C dilution ends up with the original substance diluted by a factor of 100<sup>−6</sup> (one part in one trillion). The end product is usually so diluted as to be indistinguishable from the diluent (pure water, sugar or alcohol).<ref name="Dynamization and Dilution" /><ref name="homsim">
{{cite web
 |title       = Similia similibus curentur (Like cures like)
 |publisher   = Creighton University Department of Pharmacology
 |url         = http://altmed.creighton.edu/Homeopathy/philosophy/similia.htm
 |access-date  = August 20, 2007
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070808051756/http://altmed.creighton.edu/Homeopathy/philosophy/similia.htm
 |archive-date = August 8, 2007
 |df          = mdy-all
}}</ref>  The greatest dilution reasonably likely to contain at least one molecule of the original substance is approximately 12C.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Page 3|title=Alternative Medicine: Homeopathy-A Review|url=http://www.ijopjournal.com/File_Folder/57-69.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903231608/http://www.ijopjournal.com/File_Folder/57-69.pdf|archive-date=September 3, 2015|access-date=August 10, 2015|publisher=International Journal of Pharmacotherapy|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Hahnemann advocated dilutions of 1 part to 10<sup>60</sup> or 30C.<ref name="Organon_6th_128">
{{cite book
 |author      =Hahnemann S
 |title       =The Organon of the Healing Art
 |year        =1921
 |publisher =Keats Pub.
 |edition     =6th
 |at          =aphorism 128
 |isbn      =978-0-87983-228-5
}}</ref> Hahnemann regularly used dilutions of up to 30C but opined that "there must be a limit to the matter".<ref name="Haehl1922" />{{rp|322|date=January 2015}} To counter the reduced potency at high dilutions he formed the view that vigorous shaking by striking on an elastic surface – a process termed ''succussion'' – was necessary.<ref name="Kayne 53" /> Homeopaths are unable to agree on the number and force of strikes needed, and there is no way that the claimed results of succussion can be tested.<ref name="Shelton" />{{rp|67–69|date=January 2015}}

Critics of homeopathy commonly emphasize the dilutions involved in homeopathy, using analogies.<ref name="Appendix2">For further discussion of homeopathic dilutions and the mathematics involved, see [[Homeopathic dilutions]].</ref> One mathematically correct example is that a 12C solution is equivalent to "a pinch of salt in both the North and South Atlantic Oceans".<ref name="Bambridge">
{{cite book|author=Bambridge AD|title=Homeopathy investigated|publisher=Diasozo Trust|year=1989|isbn=978-0-948171-20-8|location=[[Kent, England|Kent]], England}}</ref><ref name="Andrews">
{{cite web|author=Andrews P|year=1990|title=Homeopathy and Hinduism|url=http://www.watchman.org/na/homeopth.htm|publisher=[[Watchman Fellowship]]|periodical=The Watchman Expositor|volume=7|issue=3}}</ref><ref>
A 12C solution produced using [[sodium chloride]] (also called ''natrum muriaticum'' in homeopathy) is the equivalent of dissolving 0.36&nbsp;mL of table salt, weighing about 0.77&nbsp;g, into a volume of water the size of the Atlantic Ocean, since the volume of the Atlantic Ocean and its adjacent seas is 3.55×10<sup>8</sup>&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup> or 3.55×10<sup>20</sup>&nbsp;L :
{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J0TAAAAYAAJ&q=355+x+106+km3+in+the+whole|title=The geology of the Atlantic Ocean|vauthors=Emery KO, Uchupi E|publisher=Springer|year=1984|isbn=978-0-387-96032-6}}</ref> One-third of a [[Drop (volume)|drop]] of some original substance diluted into all the water on Earth would produce a preparation with a concentration of about 13C.<ref name="Appendix2" /><ref>The volume of all water on earth is about 1.36×10<sup>9</sup>&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup>:
{{cite web
 |url          = http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html
 |title        = Earth's water distribution
 |website= [[United States Geological Survey]]
 |date         = August 28, 2006
 |access-date  = March 14, 2008
 |archive-date = June 29, 2012
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120629055146/http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html
 }}</ref><ref>Gleick PH, ''Water resources'', In
{{cite book
 |title       =Encyclopedia of climate and weather
 |editor1     =Schneider SH
 |publisher   =[[Oxford University Press]]
 |location    =New York
 |volume      =2
 |year        =1996
 |pages       =817–823
}}</ref>  [[Robert L. Park]] points out that a 200C dilution of duck liver, marketed under the name [[Oscillococcinum]], would require 10<sup>320</sup> universes worth of molecules to contain just one original molecule in the final substance.<ref>{{cite book
 |title       =Superstition: Belief in the Age of Science
 |url       =https://archive.org/details/superstitionbeli00park
 |url-access  =limited
 |author      =Robert L. Park
 |author-link  =Robert L. Park
 |publisher   =Princeton University Press
 |year        =2008
 |pages       =[https://archive.org/details/superstitionbeli00park/page/n157 145]–46
 |isbn=978-0-691-13355-3}}</ref> The high dilutions characteristically used are often considered to be the most controversial and implausible aspect of homeopathy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fisher |first1=P |title=The Memory of Water: a scientific heresy? |journal=Homeopathy |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=141–2 |year=2007 |pmid=17678808 |doi=10.1016/j.homp.2007.05.008|s2cid=3737723 }}</ref>