Editing History of the Isle of Man (section)

===Wars of the Three Kingdoms and Interregnum; 1642 to 1660===
[[File:James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby by Sir Anthony Van Dyck.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|[[James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby]]]]
Shortly after the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] began in June 1643, [[James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby]] returned to Mann to find the island on the brink of rebellion. Among the causes were complaints at the level of [[tithes]] payable to the [[Church of England]], and Derby's attempts to replace the Manx ‘tenure of straw’ by which many of his tenants held their lands, a customary tenure akin to freehold, with commercial leases. He managed to restore the situation through a series of meetings, but made minimal concessions.{{sfnp|Coward|2004}}

Six months after [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] was executed on 30 January 1649, Derby received a summons from [[Henry Ireton|General Ireton]] to surrender the island, but declined to do so. In August 1651, he and 300 Manxmen landed in Lancashire to take part in the [[Third English Civil War]]; defeated at [[Battle of Wigan Lane|Wigan Lane]] on 25 August 1651, Derby escaped with only 30 troops to join [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]. Captured after the [[Battle of Worcester]] in September, he was imprisoned in [[Chester Castle]], tried by [[court-martial]] and executed at [[Bolton]] on 15 October.{{sfnp|Coward|2004}}

Soon after Stanley's death, the Manx Militia, under the command of William Christian (known by his [[Manx language|Manx]] name of [[Illiam Dhone]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Draskau |first=Jennifer Kewley |author-link=Jennifer Kewley Draskau |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVsrEkIlXIkC&q=illiam+dhone |title=Illiam Dhone: Patriot or Traitor?: The Life, Death and Legacy of William Christian |date=2012-11-08 |publisher=Profile Books |isbn=978-1-84765-920-0 |language=en}}</ref>), rose against the Countess and captured all the insular forts except Rushen and Peel. They were then joined by a Parliamentarian force sent from the mainland, led by Colonels [[Thomas Birch (English Parliamentarian)|Thomas Birch]] and [[Robert Duckenfield]], to whom the Countess surrendered after a brief resistance.{{sfnp|Booker|1859|p=95}}{{sfnp|Moore|1911|p=538}}

[[Oliver Cromwell]] had appointed [[Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron|Thomas Fairfax]] "Lord of Mann and the Isles" in September 1651, so that Mann continued under a monarchical government and remained in the same relation to England as before.{{sfnp|Moore|1911|p=538}}