Editing History of Zambia (section)

===Foreign policy===
Internationally, Zambia's sympathies lay with forces opposing colonial or white-dominated rule. During the next decade, it actively [[Zambia and Regional Diplomacy|supported movements]] such as the National Unions for the Total Independence of Angola ([[UNITA]]) under the independence war and under the subsequent [[Angolan civil war|civil war]], the [[Zimbabwe African People's Union]] (ZAPU) in [[Southern Rhodesia]], and the [[African National Congress]] (ANC) in their struggle against [[apartheid]] in [[South African Republic|the Republic of South Africa]], and the South-West Africa People's Organization ([[SWAPO]]) in their struggle for independence for [[Namibia]]. Zambia also hosted some of the movements. For instance, the ANC exile headquarters were in Lusaka, and ZAPU had a military base in Zambia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Macmillan|first=Hugh|date=2009|title=The African National Congress of South Africa in Zambia: The Culture of Exile and the Changing Relationship with Home, 1964-1990|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|volume=35|issue=2|pages=303–329|doi=10.1080/03057070902919876|jstor=40283235|s2cid=144264448|issn=0305-7070}}</ref> This resulted in security problems, as the South Africa and South Rhodesia raided targets inside Zambia on several occasions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zambia (01/09)|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm|last=Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information|first=Bureau of Public Affairs|date=2005-04-26|website=2001-2009.state.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref>

[[Rhodesian Bush War|Rhodesian counterinsurgency operations]] extended into Zambia after [[Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army]] (ZIPRA) rebels shot down two unarmed [[Vickers Viscount]] civilian airliners ([[Air Rhodesia Flight 825]] on 3 September 1978 and [[Air Rhodesia Flight 827]] on 12 February 1979) with Soviet-supplied [[SA-7 Grail|SA-7]] heat-seeking missiles. In retaliation for the shooting down of Flight 825 in September 1978, the [[Rhodesian Air Force]] attacked the ZIPRA guerrilla base at Westlands farm near Lusaka in October 1978, warning Zambian forces by radio not to interfere.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Rhodesian War: A Military History |last1=Moorcraft |first1=Paul L. |author-link1=Paul Moorcraft |last2=McLaughlin |first2=Peter |author-link2=Peter McLaughlin |date=2008 |orig-year=1982 |location=Barnsley |publisher=[[Pen and Sword Books]] |isbn=978-1-84415-694-8 |pages=140–143}}</ref>

Conflicts with Rhodesia resulted in the closing of Zambia's borders with that country and severe problems with international transport and power supply. However, the [[Kariba Dam|Kariba]] [[hydroelectric]] station on the [[Zambezi River]] provided sufficient capacity to satisfy the country's requirements for electricity. [[TAZARA]], a railway to the Tanzanian port of [[Dar es Salaam]], built with Chinese assistance, reduced Zambian dependence on the railway line south to South Africa and west through an increasingly war-ravaged Angola.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Republic of Zambia|url=https://www.szi.gov.zm/epamodzi/?page_id=4561|website=Republic of Zambia e-Pamodzi portal|access-date=2020-05-27|archive-date=2019-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513104943/http://www.szi.gov.zm/epamodzi/?page_id=4561|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Civil strife in neighbouring [[Mozambique]] and Angola created large numbers of refugees, many of whom fled to Zambia.

Internationally, Zambia was an active member of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM), and hosted a summit in Lusaka in 1970. Kenneth Kaunda served as the movements chairman 1970–1973. Among the NAM countries Zambia was especially close to [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]. Outside the NAM Zambia also had close relations with the [[People's Republic of China]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=RESOLUTIONSOF THETHIRD CONFERENCE OF NON-ALIGNED STATES With Selected Conference Statements and Comments|url=https://media.africaportal.org/documents/SAIIA_RESOLUTIONS_OF_THE_THIRD_CONFERENCE_OF_NON-ALIGNED_STATES.pdf|date=1970|website=Africaportal.org|access-date=2020-05-29|archive-date=2022-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401121552/https://media.africaportal.org/documents/SAIIA_RESOLUTIONS_OF_THE_THIRD_CONFERENCE_OF_NON-ALIGNED_STATES.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the [[Second Congo War]], Zambia backed Zimbabwe and the Congo but did not participate as a belligerent.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}