Editing History of Scotland (section)

====Civil war====
{{Main|Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms}}
{{See also|English Civil War}}
[[File:1st Marquess of Montrose.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|[[James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose]], who led a successful pro-royalist campaign in the Highlands in 1644–1646]]
As the civil wars developed, the English [[roundhead|Parliamentarians]] appealed to the Scots Covenanters for military aid against the King. A [[Solemn League and Covenant]] was entered into, guaranteeing the Scottish Church settlement and promising further reform in England.<ref>{{Harvp|Mackie|1978|pp=211–212}}.</ref> Scottish troops played a major part in the defeat of Charles I, notably at the [[battle of Marston Moor]]. An army under the Earl of Leven occupied the North of England for some time.<ref>{{Harvp|Mackie|1978|pp=213–214}}.</ref>

However, not all Scots supported the Covenanter's taking arms against their King. In 1644, [[James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose]] attempted to raise the Highlands for the King. Few Scots would follow him, but, aided by 1,000 Irish, Highland and Islesmen troops sent by the [[Irish Confederates]] under [[Alasdair Mac Colla|Alasdair MacDonald (MacColla)]], and an instinctive genius for mobile warfare, he was stunningly successful. A [[Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms|Scottish Civil War]] began in September 1644 with his victory at [[battle of Tippermuir]]. After a series of victories over poorly trained Covenanter militias, the lowlands were at his mercy. However, at this high point, his army was reduced in size, as MacColla and the Highlanders preferred to continue the war in the north against the Campbells. Shortly after, what was left of his force was defeated at the [[Battle of Philiphaugh]]. Escaping to the north, Montrose attempted to continue the struggle with fresh troops; but in July 1646 his army was disbanded after the King surrendered to the Scots army at Newark, and the civil war came to an end.<ref>{{Harvp|Mackie|1978|pp=217–218}}.</ref>

The following year Charles, while he was being held captive in Carisbrooke Castle, entered into an agreement with moderate Scots Presbyterians. In this secret "[[Engagers|Engagement]]", the Scots promised military aid in return for the King's agreement to implement Presbyterianism in England on a three-year trial basis. The [[James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton|Duke of Hamilton]] led an invasion of England to free the King, but he was defeated by [[Oliver Cromwell]] in August 1648 at the Battle of Preston.<ref>{{Harvp|Mitchison|2002|pp=225–226}}.</ref>