Editing History of Sardinia (section)

==Kingdom of Sardinia==
{{Main article|Kingdom of Sardinia}}

===Kingdom of Sardinia in the Crown of Aragon and in the [[Spanish Empire]]===
{{Further|Aragonese conquest of Sardinia|Sardinian–Catalan war}}

[[File:MarghinottibattagliaSanluri.jpg|thumb|right|Depiction of the battle of Sanluri by [[Giovanni Marghinotti]]]]

In 1323 an Aragonese army, under [[Alfonso IV of Aragon|Alfonso]], son of [[James II of Aragon|King James II]], disembarked near Palma di [[Sulcis]], in Southern Sardinia. After the [[Siege of Villa di Chiesa|fall of Villa di Chiesa]] the Pisans were defeated again, both by land and sea, at [[Battle of Lucocisterna|Lucocisterna]] and in the [[gulf of Cagliari]], and were forced to leave the island, maintaining only Castel di Castro until 1326.{{sfn|Casula|1994|pp=303–304}} The Cagliari area as well as Gallura thus became part of the first nucleus of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]], established nominally by [[Pope Boniface VIII]] in 1297, that was included in the [[Crown of Aragon]].{{sfn|Casula|1994|pp=303–304}}

In 1353 [[Marianus IV of Arborea]], allied with the [[Doria (family)|Doria]] family, waged war against the Aragonese, occupying much of the island but unable to capture Cagliari. The [[Peace of Sanluri]] (1355) ushered in a period of tranquility, but hostilities were resumed in 1365, with Arborea, led by Marianus IV and then, from 1391, by [[Brancaleone Doria]], initially able to capture much of the Island. However, in 1409 the Aragonese crushed a Genoese fleet coming in support the Sardinians, and destroyed the Judicial army at the [[Battle of Sanluri]]. [[Oristano]], the Arborean capital, fell on 29 March 1410. [[William II of Narbonne]], the last Judge of Arborea, sold his remaining territories to the Aragonese in 1420, in exchange for 100,000 [[gold]] [[Italian coin florin|florins]].{{sfn|Casula|1994|p=372}}
[[File:Stemma del Regno di Sardegna metà del XVI secolo.JPG|thumb|left|Historical flag of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]] and official flag of Autonomous Region of Sardinia since 1999. Funeral of [[Charles I of Spain]]]]
In the 1470s an important revolt against the Aragonese was led by [[Leonardo Alagon]], [[Marquisate of Oristano|marquess of Oristano]], who managed to defeat the viceroyal army but was later crushed at the [[Battle of Macomer]] (1478). The island endured attacks from [[Barbary pirates|North African pirates]] and a series of plagues in 1582, 1652 and 1655.

In 1527, during the [[War of the League of Cognac|Franco-Spanish War]], a French army of 4000 men led by the Italian [[Renzo da Ceri]] attacked the north of the island, besieging [[Castelsardo|Castellaragonese]] and sacking [[Sorso]] and then [[Sassari]] for almost a month.<ref>Massimo Guidetti, ''Storia dei sardi e della Sardegna'', Volume 3 pp. 55–56</ref>

In 1566 the first [[typography]] of Sardinia was established in Cagliari, while in 1607 and 1617 were founded the [[University of Cagliari]] and the [[University of Sassari]].

In the late 15th and in the early 16th century the Spaniards built watchtowers all along the coast (today called "Spanish towers") to protect the island against Ottoman incursions. In 1637 a French fleet led by [[Henri, Count of Harcourt]] sacked Oristano for about a week.

===Kingdom of Sardinia under the House of Savoy===
{{Main|Kingdom of Sardinia}}
[[Kingdom of Sardinia (1700–1720)|Sardinia was disputed between 1700 and 1720]]. After the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] it was assigned to [[Emperor Charles VI]] in 1714, [[Philip V of Spain]] briefly [[Spanish conquest of Sardinia|recovered the island in 1717]], but in 1720 the European powers assigned Sicily to Charles VI and Sardinia to the [[House of Savoy]], so [[Vittorio Amedeo II]] became the King of Sardinia.
[[File:Ingresso a Sassari.jpg|thumb|[[Giovanni Maria Angioy]], the Emissary of the [[List of viceroys of Sardinia|Viceroy]] enters in Sassari (1795)]]
In 1793 Sardinians twice defeated the [[French Revolutionary Wars|French invaders]] ([[French expedition to Sardinia]]). On 23 February 1793, [[Domenico Millelire]], in command of the Sardinian fleet, defeated near the [[Maddalena archipelago]] the fleets of the French Republic, which included with the rank of lieutenant, the young and future Emperor of France [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]]. Millelire received the first [[Gold Medal of Military Valor]] of the [[Italian Navy]]. In the same month, Sardinians stopped the attempted French landing on the beach of [[Quartu Sant'Elena]], near the Capital of [[Cagliari]]. Because of these successes, the representatives of nobility and clergy (''[[Stamenti]]'') formulated five requests addressed to the King [[Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia]] in order to have the same rights as the Italian mainlanders, but they met with a refusal. Because of this discontent, on 28 April 1794, during an uprising in [[Cagliari]], two Piedmontese officials were killed. That was the start of a revolt (called the ''"Moti rivoluzionari sardi"'' or "''Vespri sardi''") all over the island, which culminated on 28 April 1794 (commemorated today as ''[[sa die de sa Sardigna]]'') with the expulsion of the officers for a few days from the capital [[Cagliari]].  On 28 December 1795, insurgents in [[Sassari]] demonstrating against feudalism, mainly from the region of [[Logudoro]], occupied the city. On 13 February 1796, in order to prevent the spread of the revolt, the viceroy Filippo Vivalda gave to the Sardinian magistrate [[Giovanni Maria Angioy]] the role of Alternos, which meant a substitute of the viceroy himself. Angioy moved from Cagliari to Sassari, and during his journey almost all the villages joined the uprising, demanding an end to feudalism and aiming to declare the island to be an independent republic,<ref>''Sardinia'', Dana Facaros & Michael Pauls, 2003</ref><ref>''Idee di Sardegna'', Carlo Pala, Carocci Editore, 2016, p.77</ref><ref name="AngioyNuova">[https://www.lanuovasardegna.it/tempo-libero/2019/12/06/news/angioy-ribelle-che-voleva-la-felicita-dei-sardi-1.38106808 Angioy, il ribelle che voleva la felicità dei sardi], La Nuova Sardegna, Franciscu Sedda</ref> but once he was outnumbered by [[Loyalism|loyalist]] forces he fled to Paris and sought support from the French to invade Sardinia and make it an independent Republic.<ref name="AngioyNuova" />

In 1799 King [[Charles Emmanuel IV]] was ousted from Piedmont by the [[Napoleonic Wars|French army]], and moved his court to Cagliari (his brother and successor [[Victor Emmanuel I]] returned to [[Turin]] only in 1814).{{sfn|Casula|1994|pp=472–475}} At the end of the 18th century, the Universities of [[University of Sassari|Sassari]] and [[University of Cagliari|Cagliari]] were restored. In 1820, the Savoyards imposed the "Enclosures Act" (''editto delle chiudende'') on the island, a legislative act which turned the land's traditional collective ownership, a cultural and economic cornerstone of Sardinia since the Nuragic times,<ref name="chiudende">[http://www.sardegnaambiente.it/j/v/152?s=25415&v=2&c=1548&t=1 ''Editto delle chiudende 1820: una pagina di conflittualità nella storia sarda.'' Sardegna Foreste]</ref> into private property. This gave rise to many abuses, as the reform favoured the landholders while excluding the poor Sardinian farmers and shepherds, who witnessed the abolition of the communal rights and the sale of the land. Many local rebellions like the [[Nuoro|Nuorese]] ''Su Connottu'' ("The Already Known" in Sardinian) riot in 1868,<ref>[http://www.contusu.it/a-su-connottu-la-ribellione-del-1868/ ''A su connottu: la ribellione del 1868'', Contus Antigus]</ref><ref>[http://love.sardegne.com/sardegna-info/citta-e-paesi/nuoro/226-su-connottu-la-rivolta-nuorese-contro-i-savoia/ ''Su Connottu, la rivolta nuorese contro i Savoia'', I Love Sardinia]</ref> all repressed by the King's army, resulted in an attempt to return to the past and reaffirm the right to use the once common land.

[[File:Montevecchio.jpg|thumb|The mine of Montevecchio, [[Guspini]].]]
In 1847, under King [[Charles Albert]], all the administrative differences between Sardinia and the Italian mainland were abolished through the so-called [[Perfect fusion]]: this manoveur had been presented as the only possible way to grant equal rights to all inhabitants of the Kingdom, which would become a [[unitary state]] and the basic legislation of the future united Italy as well.

New urban plans and new villages (for example [[Carloforte]], [[Calasetta]] and [[Santa Teresa di Gallura]]) were realised between the 18th and the 19th centuries. They often followed the urban model of Turin, which now was the capital of the Reign of Italy. New infrastructures were built under King [[Carlo Felice]]. The main road from the south (Cagliari) to the north (Sassari) was enhanced (the road still exists today and it still bears the name of Carlo Felice). Also, the first ferry route between the island and [[Genoa]] was established, using [[steamboats]] such as the [[Gulnara]]. The first railway was inaugurated in 1871. By the end of the 19th century the [[Royal Railways]] had received 30 locomotives, 106 passenger cars, and 436 cargo cars.

The economy was focused mainly on the primary sector (agriculture and sheep husbandry) and on mining. The majority of mining societies operating in Sardinia depended on non-Sardinian capital money. However, in 1848 the Sardinian entrepreneur [[Giovanni Antonio Sanna]] achieved the property of the mine of [[Montevecchio]], thus becoming the 3rd richest man of the Kingdom.