Editing History of Romania (section)

===Ottoman Romania===
[[File:Stema Mihai Viteazul.jpg|thumb|right|Seal of Michael the Brave during the personal union of the two Romanian principalities with Transylvania]]

After the [[Battle of Mohács]] in 1526, [[Transylvania]] belonged to the [[Eastern Hungarian Kingdom]], from which the [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]] emerged in 1570 by the [[Treaty of Speyer (1570)|Treaty of Speyer]].<ref>{{Citation |title=History of Transylvania: IV. The First Period of the Principality of Transylvania (1526–1606) |volume=1 |year=2001 |editor-last=Köpeczi |editor-first=Béla |url=http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/97.html |place=New York |publisher=Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>

By 1541, the entire [[Balkan peninsula]] and [[Ottoman Hungary|the southern and central parts of Hungary]] became Ottoman provinces. Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania came under Ottoman suzerainty but remained fully autonomous and until the 18th century, had some internal independence.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} However, regions of [[Banat]], [[Northern Dobruja|Dobrogea]] and [[Crișana]] along side cities of [[Giurgiu]], [[Turnu Fortress|Turnu]] and [[Braila]] were completely under Ottoman control. Unlike the autonomous Moldavia, Wallachia and Transylvania, many Muslims settled in those areas. During this period, the Romanian lands experienced a slow disappearance of the [[feudalism]] and the distinguishing of some rulers like [[Vasile Lupu]] and [[Dimitrie Cantemir]] in Moldavia, [[Matei Basarab]] and [[Constantin Brâncoveanu]] in Wallachia. At that time, the [[Russian Empire]] appeared to become the political and military power the threatened the Romanian principalities.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

[[John II Sigismund Zápolya|John II]], the non-Habsburg King of Hungary, moved his royal court to [[Alba Iulia]] in Transylvania and after his abdication from the Hungarian throne, he became the first [[Prince of Transylvania]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roșu|first=Felicia|date=2018-01-18|title=Elective Monarchy in Transylvania and Poland-Lithuania, 1569–1587|volume=1|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-878937-6 |url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198789376.001.0001/oso-9780198789376|doi=10.1093/oso/9780198789376.001.0001}}</ref> His 1568 Edict of [[Turda]] was the first decree of [[freedom of religion|religious freedom]] in the modern European history.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} In the aftermath, Transylvania was ruled by mostly [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] Hungarian princes until the end of the 17th century, and [[Protestantism]] flourished in the region.<ref>{{Cite book |editor=Gábor Almási |year=2014 |title=Study Tours and Intellectual-Religious Relationships |series=A Divided Hungary in Europe: Exchanges, Networks and Representations, 1541-1699 |volume=1 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-6686-6 |url=https://www.cambridgescholars.com/resources/pdfs/978-1-4438-6686-6-sample.pdf}}</ref>
[[File:Mihai Viteazul fighting the Turks, Giurgiu, October 1595.jpg|thumb|right|[[Battle of Giurgiu (1595)|Battle of Giurgiu]] which ended with the victory of the united forces of [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Transylvania]], [[Wallachia]] and [[Moldavia]] over the retreating [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] army]]
[[Michael the Brave]] was the [[Prince of Wallachia]] from 1593 to 1601, of Transylvania from 1599 to 1600, and of Moldavia in 1600. For a short time during his reign, Transylvania was ruled together with Moldavia and Wallachia in a [[personal union]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Rezachevici |first=Constantin |title=Mihai Viteazul: itinerariul moldovean |year=2000 |journal=Magazin Istoric |issue=5 |url=http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi2000/current5/mi5.htm |language=ro |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416234456/http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi2000/current5/mi5.htm |archive-date=April 16, 2009 }}</ref> After his death the union dissolved and as vassal tributary states, Moldavia and Wallachia still had internal autonomy and some external independence, which was finally lost in the 18th century.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}
[[File:Moldavia,_Transylvania_and_Wallachia_under_Michael_the_Brave's_authority_(1600).png|thumb|right|alt=Wallachia in 1600|[[Wallachia|Principality of Wallachia]], [[Moldavia|Principality of Moldavia]], and [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]] in personal union of [[Michael the Brave]] in 1600]]

[[File:Europe map 1648.PNG|thumb|left|Map of Europe in 1648 showing Transylvania and the two Romanian principalities: Wallachia and Moldavia]]
[[File:Principati1786.jpg|thumb|right|The Principalities of [[Moldavia]] and [[Wallachia]] in 1786, Italian map by G. Pittori, since the geographer Giovanni Antonio Rizzi Zannoni]]

The [[Principality of Transylvania (1571–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]] reached its golden age under the [[Absolutism (European history)|absolutist]] rule of [[Gábor Bethlen]] from 1613 to 1629. In 1690, the [[Habsburg monarchy]] gained possession of [[Transylvania]] through the [[Holy Crown of Hungary|Hungarian crown]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Béla Köpeczi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VElpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22+in+1690%2C+the+Habsburgs+gained+possession+of+Transylvania+by+right+of+the+Hungarian+crown.%22 |title=History of Transylvania: From 1606 to 1830 |date=2008-07-09 | publisher=Social Science Monographs |isbn=978-0-88033-491-4 |access-date=2017-07-10}}</ref><ref>Peter F. Sugar. [https://books.google.com/books?id=LOln4TGdDHYC&dq=independent+principality+that+was+not+reunited+with+Hungary&pg=PA163 "Southeastern Europe Under Ottoman Rule, 1354–1804"] (''History of East Central Europe''), University of Washington Press, July 1983, page 163</ref><ref name="books.google.com">Paul Lendvai, Ann Major. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9yCmAQGTW28C&dq=diploma+leopoldinum+transylvania&pg=PA146 ''The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat''] C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, page 146;</ref> After the failure [[Rákóczi's War of Independence]] in 1711<ref>[http://www.google.ro/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=%22princes+of+transylvania%22&btnG=#hl=en&tbm=bks&sclient=psy-ab&q=%22+In+1711%2C+after+the+Peace+Treaty+of+Szatmar%2C+Austrian+control+was+firmly+established+over+all+of+Hungary+and+Erdely%2C+and+the+princes+of+Transylvania+were+replaced+by+Austrian+governors.+%22&oq=%22+In+1711%2C+after+the+Peace+Treaty+of+Szatmar%2C+Austrian+control+was+firmly+established+over+all+of+Hungary+and+Erdely%2C+and+the+princes+of+Transylvania+were+replaced+by+Austrian+governors.+%22&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_l=serp.3...21238l22034l2l22304l3l2l0l0l0l0l102l180l1j1l2l0.frgbld.&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&fp=3cae50351d088142&biw=1137&bih=752 " In 1711, after the Peace Treaty of Szatmar, Austrian control was firmly established over all of Hungary and Erdely, and the princes of Transylvania were replaced by Austrian governors. " (Google Search)]{{cite book |last1=Glockner |first1=Peter G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAAMAQAAMAAJ&q=%22+In+1711,+after+the+Peace+Treaty+of+Szatmar,+Austrian+control+was+firmly+established+over+all+of+Hungary+and+Erdely,+and+the+princes+of+Transylvania+were+replaced+by+Austrian+governors.+%22 |title=Encyclopaedia Hungarica: English |last2=Bagossy |first2=Nora Varga |date=2007 |publisher=Hungarian Ethnic Lexicon Foundation |isbn=978-1-55383-178-5 |language=en}}</ref> Habsburg control of [[Transylvania]] was consolidated, and Hungarian [[List of princes of Transylvania|Transylvanian princes]] were replaced with Habsburg imperial governors.<ref name="Britannica">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/603323/Transylvania "Transylvania"] (2009). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved July 7, 2009</ref><ref name="Leopoldinum">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1459175/Diploma-Leopoldinum "Diploma Leopoldinum"] (2009). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved July 7, 2009</ref> In 1699, Transylvania became a part of the [[Habsburg monarchy]] following the Austrian victory over the Turks.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://brill.com/view/title/33550|title=Across the Danube: Southeastern Europeans and Their Travelling Identities (17th–19th C.)|date=2016-11-21|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-33544-8|language=en|doi=10.1163/9789004335448|editor1-last=Katsiardi-Hering|editor1-first=Olga|editor2-last=Stassinopoulou|editor2-first=Maria A}}</ref> The Habsburgs rapidly expanded their empire; in 1718 [[Oltenia]], a major part of Wallachia, was annexed to the Habsburg monarchy and was only returned in 1739. In 1775, the Habsburgs later occupied the north-western part of Moldavia, which was later called [[Bukovina]] and was incorporated to the [[Austrian Empire]] in 1804. The eastern half of the principality, which was called [[Bessarabia]], was occupied in 1812 by Russia.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bessarabia |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |year=1920 |location=London, England |pages=51 |language=en}}</ref>

During the Austro-Hungarian rule of Transylvania, Romanians formed the majority of the population.<ref>{{Citation |last1 =Kocsis |first1 =Karoly |last2 =Kocsis-Hodosi |first2 =Eszter |year =1999 |title =Ethnic structure of the population on the present territory of Transylvania (1880–1992) |url =http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/hmcb/Tab14.htm |url-status =dead |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080222171134/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/hmcb/Tab14.htm |archive-date =2008-02-22 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1 =Kocsis|first1 =Karoly|last2 =Kocsis-Hodosi|first2 =Eszter|title =Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin|year =2001|pages =102|publisher =Simon Publications|isbn =1-931313-75-X|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC&q=hungarian+census+transylvania+1910&pg=PA116}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

After their defeat to the Russians, the Ottoman Empire restored the Danube ports of [[Turnu]], [[Giurgiu]] and [[Braila]] to Wallachia, and agreed to give up their commercial monopoly and recognize freedom of navigation on the Danube as specified in the [[Treaty of Adrianople (1829)|Treaty of Adrianople]], which was signed in 1829.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} The political autonomy of the Romanian principalities grew as their rulers were elected for life by a Community Assembly consisting of [[boyar]]s, a method used to reduce political instability and Ottoman interventions.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} Following the war, Romanian lands came under Russian occupation under the governance of General [[Pavel Kiselyov]] until 1844. During his rule, the local boyars enacted the first [[Law of Romania|Romanian constitution]].{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}