Editing History of Libya (section)

==Transition and the Second Civil War==
{{Main|Aftermath of the Libyan civil war (2011)|Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014)|Libyan civil war (2014–2020)}}
After the [[Libyan civil war (2011)|First Civil War]], the [[National Transitional Council]] (NTC) has been responsible for the transition of the administration of the governing of Libya. The "liberation" of Libya was celebrated on 23 October 2011. Then Jibril announced that consultations were under way to form an interim government within one month, followed by elections for a constitutional assembly within eight months and parliamentary and presidential elections to be held within a year after that. He stepped down as expected the same day and was succeeded by [[Ali Tarhouni]].

On 24 November, Tarhouni was replaced by [[Abdurrahim El-Keib]]. El-Keib formed a [[cabinet of Libya|provisional government]], filling it with independent or CNT politicians, including women.

After the fall of Gaddafi, Libya has been faced with internal struggles. A protest started against the new regime of NTC.{{Clarify|date=February 2012}} The loyalists of Gaddafi rebelled and fought with the new Libyan army.{{Clarify|date=February 2012}}

Because the [[Libyan Constitutional Declaration|Constitutional Declaration]] allowed a multi-party system,  political parties, like the [[Democratic Party (Libya)|Democratic Party]], the [[Party of Reform and Development]], and the [[National Gathering for Freedom, Justice and Development]] appeared. The Islamist movement started. To stop it, the CNT (NTC) government denied power to parties based on religion, tribal and ethnic bases.

On 7 July 2012, Libyans voted in their first parliamentary elections since the end of Gaddafi's rule. The election, in which more than 100 political parties registered, formed an interim 200-member national assembly. This will replace the unelected National Transitional Council,<ref name="Gnan-8-Aug-Meet">{{Cite news |first=Michel |last=Cousins |title=National Congress to meet on 8 August: NTC |newspaper=Libya Herald |date=24 July 2012 |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/?p=11495 |access-date=26 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Ben-Sassi-8-Aug-Tarab-Post">{{Cite news|title=NTC to Transfer Power to Newly-Elected Libyan Assembly August 8 |newspaper=[[Tripoli Post]] |date=2 August 2012 |url=http://www.tripolipost.com/articledetail.asp?c=1&i=8936 |access-date=4 August 2012|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807043644/http://www.tripolipost.com/articledetail.asp?c=1&i=8936 |archive-date=7 August 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> name a prime minister, and form a committee to draft a constitution. The vote was postponed several times to resolve logistical and technical problems, and to give more time to register to vote, and to investigate candidates.<ref name="epatko1">{{cite web |title=In Libya, Expectations High as Parliamentary Vote Approaches |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/libya-elections |website=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us |date=5 July 2012 |access-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085730/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/libya-elections |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 8 August 2012, the [[National Transitional Council]] officially handed power to the wholly elected [[General National Congress]], which is tasked with the formation of an interim government and the drafting of a new Libyan Constitution to be approved in a general [[referendum]].<ref name="Esam-8-Aug">{{cite news |url=https://www.boston.com/news/world/middle-east/2012/08/08/libya-transitional-rulers-hand-over-power/uMPkXd9vTSSHg589mU9ykJ/story.html |title=Libya's transitional rulers hand over power |author=Esam Mohamed |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=8 August 2012 |publisher=Boston.com |access-date=8 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208121751/http://www.boston.com/news/world/middle-east/2012/08/08/libya-transitional-rulers-hand-over-power/uMPkXd9vTSSHg589mU9ykJ/story.html |archive-date=8 December 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 25 August 2012, in what "appears to be the most blatant sectarian attack" since the end of the civil war, unnamed organized assailants bulldozed a [[Sufism|Sufi]] mosque with graves, in broad daylight in the center of the Libyan capital [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]]. It was the second such razing of a Sufi site in two days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/fighters-bulldoze-sufi-mosque-central-tripoli-172020410.html|title=(Reuters by Yahoo News)|access-date=14 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827231155/http://news.yahoo.com/fighters-bulldoze-sufi-mosque-central-tripoli-172020410.html|archive-date=27 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 7 October 2012, Libya's Prime Minister-elect [[Mustafa A.G. Abushagur]] stepped down<ref>{{cite news |author=George Grant |title=Congress dismisses Abushagur |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/?p=15731 |date=7 October 2012 |access-date=7 October 2012}}</ref> after failing a second time to win parliamentary approval for a new cabinet.<ref>{{cite news |author=Sami Zaptia |title=Abushagur announces a smaller emergency cabinet |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/?p=15719 |date=7 October 2012 |access-date=7 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Libyan Prime Minister Mustafa Abu Shagur to stand down|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19864136|publisher=BBC|access-date=7 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007180429/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19864136|archive-date=7 October 2012|url-status=live|work=BBC News|date=7 October 2012}}</ref> On 14 October 2012, the General National Congress elected former GNC member and human rights lawyer [[Ali Zeidan]] as prime minister-designate.<ref>{{cite news|title=Libya Congress elects former congressman and rights lawyer Ali Zidan as new prime minister|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/libya-congress-elects-former-congressman-and-rights-lawyer-ali-zidan-as-new-prime-minister/2012/10/14/52504990-1634-11e2-a346-f24efc680b8d_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=14 October 2012|access-date=14 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015090717/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/libya-congress-elects-former-congressman-and-rights-lawyer-ali-zidan-as-new-prime-minister/2012/10/14/52504990-1634-11e2-a346-f24efc680b8d_story.html|archive-date=15 October 2012}}</ref>

[[2014 Libyan Constitutional Assembly election|Libyan Constitutional Assembly elections]] took place in Libya on 20 February 2014. Ali Zidan was ousted by the parliament committee and fled from Libya on 14 March 2014 after rogue oil tanker [[Morning Glory (oil tanker)|Morning Glory]] left the rebel port of [[Sidra, Libya]] with Libyan oil that had been confiscated by the rebels. Ali Zeidan had promised to stop the departure, but failed.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/18/world/middleeast/libya-oil-tanker.html?_r=0|author=David D Kirkpatrick|title=U.S. Navy SEALs Take Control of Diverted Oil Tanker|work=The New York Times |date=17 March 2014|access-date=17 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321041136/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/18/world/middleeast/libya-oil-tanker.html?_r=0|archive-date=21 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=12 March 2014|title=Libya ex-PM Zeidan 'leaves country despite travel ban'|work=[[BBC]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26541979|access-date=16 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315025552/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26541979|archive-date=15 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 30 March 2014 General National Congress voted to replace itself with new House of Representatives.<ref name=lh30march>{{cite news|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/03/30/congress-votes-to-replace-itself-with-new-house-of-representatives/|title=Congress votes to replace itself with new House of Representatives|agency=Libya Herald|date=30 March 2014|access-date=1 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930132042/https://www.libyaherald.com/2014/03/30/congress-votes-to-replace-itself-with-new-house-of-representatives/|archive-date=30 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Abdullah al-Thani]] served as the prime minister since 11 March 2014 in interim capacity. He resigned on 13 April 2014, after he and his family were victims of a "traitorous attack" but continued to remain prime minister since there was no replacement.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/60814/libya-prime-minister-quits/|title=Libya PM Quits, Says He Was Targeted in Armed Attack|magazine=Time |date=13 April 2014|access-date=14 April 2014|author=Frizell, Sam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531080848/http://time.com/60814/libya-prime-minister-quits/|archive-date=31 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ahmed Maiteeq]] was elected Prime Minister of Libya in May 2014 but his election as prime minister took place under disputed circumstances, Libyan Supreme Court ruled on 9 June that Maiteeq's appointment was illegal and Maiteeq resigned the same day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/06/09/maetig-accepts-supreme-court-ruling/#axzz33mfyI2ck|title=Maetig accepts Supreme Court ruling and resigns|agency=Libya Herald|date=9 June 2014|access-date=9 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611111449/http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/06/09/maetig-accepts-supreme-court-ruling/#axzz33mfyI2ck|archive-date=11 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{As of|2014|05|18}}, the parliament building was [[May 2014 Tripoli clashes|reported to have been stormed]] by troops loyal to General [[Khalifa Haftar]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1264043/rogue-generals-troops-storm-libyan-parliament|title=Rogue General's Troops Storm Libyan Parliament|publisher=Sky News|date=18 May 2014|access-date=26 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519021352/http://news.sky.com/story/1264043/rogue-generals-troops-storm-libyan-parliament|archive-date=19 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> reportedly including the [[Zintan Brigade]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/05/gunfire-erupts-outside-libyan-parliament-2014518141318644382.html|title=Gunfire erupts outside Libyan parliament|date=18 May 2014|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=26 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518155902/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/05/gunfire-erupts-outside-libyan-parliament-2014518141318644382.html|archive-date=18 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> in what the Libyan government described as an attempted coup.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/libya-rogue-general-khalifa-haftar-storms-parliament-attempted-coup-1449045|title=Libya: Rogue General Khalifa Haftar Storms Parliament in Attempted 'Coup'|author=Fiona Keating|date=18 May 2014|website=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=26 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519004259/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/libya-rogue-general-khalifa-haftar-storms-parliament-attempted-coup-1449045|archive-date=19 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[2014 Libyan House of Representatives election|House of Representatives elections]] were held in Libya on 25 June 2014.

On 14 July, the [[United States Support Mission in Libya]] evacuated its staff after 13 people were killed in clashes in Tripoli and Benghazi. The fighting, between government forces and rival militia groups, also forced [[Tripoli International Airport]] to close. A militia, including members of the [[Libya Revolutionaries Operations Room]] (LROR), tried to seize control of the airport from the [[Zintan Brigade|Zintan militia]], which has controlled it since Gaddafi was toppled. Both militias are believed to be on the official payroll.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Al-Warfalli|first1=Ayman|last2=Bosalum|first2=Feras|title=U.N. pulls staff out of Libya as clashes kill 13, close airports|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-violence-idUSKBN0FJ0ZT20140714|access-date=14 July 2014|work=Reuters|date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714182227/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/14/us-libya-violence-idUSKBN0FJ0ZT20140714|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bbc.com">[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28304004 New rocket attack on Tripoli airport] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812220053/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28304004 |date=12 August 2018 }} ''BBC News''. 15 July 2014.</ref> In addition [[Misrata Airport]] was closed, due to its dependence on Tripoli International Airport for its operations. Government spokesman, Ahmed Lamine, stated that approximately 90% of the planes stationed at Tripoli International Airport were destroyed or made inoperable in the attack, and that the government may make an appeal for international forces to assist in reestablishing security.<ref name="bbc.com"/>

In December 2015, the [[Libyan Political Agreement]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=52845#.VyJoBKMrLKI|title=UN welcomes 'historic' signing of Libyan Political Agreement|date=17 December 2015|publisher=UN}}</ref> was signed after talks in [[Skhirat]], as the result of protracted negotiations between rival political camps based in Tripoli, Tobruk, and elsewhere which agreed to unite as the [[Government of National Accord]] (GNA). On 30 March 2016, [[Fayez Sarraj]], the head of GNA, arrived in Tripoli and began working from there despite opposition from GNC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/30/chief-libyas-un-backed-government-fayez-sarraj-arrives-tripoli|title=Chief of Libya's new UN-backed government arrives in Tripoli|last=Stephen|first=Chris|date=30 March 2016|website=The Guardian|access-date=28 December 2018}}</ref>

On 4 April 2019, [[Khalifa Haftar]], the commander of the [[Libyan National Army]], called on his military forces to advance on Tripoli, the capital of the [[Government of National Accord|internationally recognized government of Libya]], in the [[2019–20 Western Libya campaign]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/06/libya-international-community-warns-haftar-against-tripoli-attack |title=Libya: international community warns Haftar against Tripoli attack |last=Wintour |first=Patrick |date=6 April 2019 |work=The Guardian |access-date=2019-04-06 |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406180652/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/06/libya-international-community-warns-haftar-against-tripoli-attack |archive-date=6 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> This was met with reproach from United Nations Secretary General [[António Guterres]] and the [[United Nations Security Council]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-libya-civil-war-20190404-story.html |title=Libya army leader Khalifa Haftar orders forces to march on Tripoli |date=4 April 2019 |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=2019-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406182926/https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-libya-civil-war-20190404-story.html |archive-date=6 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-06/libyan-air-force-strikes-haftar-positions-south-of-tripoli |title=Libya Lurches Toward Battle for Capital as Haftar Advances |last1=Mohareb |first1=Hatem |date=6 April 2019 |work=Bloomberg |access-date=2019-04-06 |last2=Sarrar |first2=Saleh |language=en |last3=Al-Atrush |first3=Samer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406111831/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-06/libyan-air-force-strikes-haftar-positions-south-of-tripoli |archive-date=6 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 23 October 2020, the ''5+5 Joint Libyan Military Commission'' representing the [[Libyan National Army]] and the GNA reached a "[[Libyan peace process#Military track: permanent ceasefire|permanent ceasefire agreement in all areas of Libya]]". The agreement, effective immediately, required that all foreign fighters leave Libya within three months while a joint police force would patrol disputed areas. The first commercial flight between Tripoli and Benghazi took place that same day.<ref name="auto6">{{cite news |last1=Nebehay |first1=Stephanie |last2=McDowall |first2=Angus |editor1-last=Jones|editor1-first=Gareth |editor2-last=Maclean |editor2-first=William|title=Warring Libya rivals sign truce but tough political talks ahead |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-ceasefire/warring-libya-rivals-sign-truce-but-tough-political-talks-ahead-idUSKBN2781BD?il=0 |access-date=23 October 2020 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=23 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UN says Libya sides reach 'permanent ceasefire' deal |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/23/un-says-libya-sides-reach-permanent-ceasefire-deal |access-date=23 October 2020 |agency=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |date=23 October 2020}}</ref> On 10 March 2021, an interim [[Government of National Unity (Libya)|unity government]] was formed, which was slated to remain in place until the [[next Libyan presidential election]] scheduled for 10 December.<ref name="alj">{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/10/libyan-lawmakers-endorse-govt-of-pm-designate-dbeibah|title=Libyan lawmakers approve gov't of PM-designate Dbeibah|access-date=10 March 2021|agency=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|date=10 March 2021}}</ref> However, the election has been delayed several times<ref>{{Cite web|title=Libya electoral commission dissolves poll committees|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/21/libya-electoral-commission-dissolves-poll-committees|access-date=21 December 2021|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=AfricaNews|date=17 January 2022|title=UN: Libya elections could be held in June|url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/01/17/libya-elections-could-be-in-june-un-official/|access-date=23 January 2022|website=Africanews|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-26 |title=Libya's PM Dbeibah proposes holding polls at end of 2022 |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/world/africa/libyas-pm-dbeibah-proposes-holding-polls-at-end-of-2022 |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Daily Sabah}}</ref> since, effectively rendering the unity government in power indefinitely, causing tensions which threaten to reignite the war.

On September 10, 2023, catastrophic floods due to [[dam failure]]s generated by [[Storm Daniel]] devastated the port city of [[Derna, Libya|Derna]], killing nearly 7,000 and leaving over 10,000 missing. The floods were the worst natural disaster in Libya's modern history.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Elumami |first1=Ahmed |last2=Al-Warfali |first2=Ayman |last3=Alfetori |first3=Essam |title=Libya floods: search for blame for thousands of deaths |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/libya-flood-survivors-pick-through-ruins-search-missing-thousands-2023-09-14/ |work=Reuters |date=14 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

On 12 May 2025, [[Abdel Ghani al-Kikli]], widely known as “Gheniwa”, a very powerful  militia leader, was assassinated in Tripoli.<ref>{{cite news |title=Heavy gunfire, clashes in Libya’s Tripoli after killing of militia leader |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/12/un-urges-calm-as-heavy-fire-clashes-erupt-in-libyas-tripoli |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>