Editing History of Lebanon (section)

===Shihab dynasty (1697–1842)===
The [[Shihab dynasty|Shihabs]] succeeded the Maans in 1697<ref name=":3">{{source-attribution| {{cite encyclopedia|title= Lebanon: a country study|publisher= [[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|location= Washington, D.C.|url= https://www.loc.gov/item/88600488/|last= McGowan|first= Afaf Sabeh|date= 1989|editor-last= Collelo|editor-first= Thomas|pages= 13–14|isbn= |oclc= 44356055|entry= The Shihabs, 1697-1842|access-date= 2021-07-16|archive-date= 2019-04-20|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190420165415/https://www.loc.gov/item/88600488/|url-status= live}} }}</ref> after the Battle of Ain Dara, a battle that changed the face of Lebanon when a clash between two Arab clans, the Qaysis and the Yemenis, broke out. The Qaysis, then led by Ahmad Shihab, won, and expelled the Yemenis from Lebanon to Syria. This has led to an enormous decrease to the Druze population in Mount-Lebanon, who were a majority at the time and helped the Christians overcome the Druze demographically. This Qaysi "victory" allowed the Shihab, who were Qaysis themselves and the allies of Lebanon, to rule over Mount-Lebanon. The Shihabs originally lived in the [[Hauran|Hawran]] region of southwestern Syria and settled in [[Wadi al-Taym]] in southern Lebanon.<ref name=":3" />

During the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)|Russo-Turkish War of 1768 to 1774]], responding to Admiral [[Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov|Alexei Orlov]]'s [[Imperial Russian Navy|Russian naval]] [[First Archipelago Expedition]] operating in the Mediterranean, local Lebanese authorities briefly attempted to place themselves under [[Russian Empire|Russian]] protection.<ref>
{{cite book
 |last1                = Kobishchanov
 |first1               = Taras Y.
 |editor-last1         = Michalak-Pikulska
 |editor-first1        = Barbara
 |editor-last2         = Piela
 |editor-first2        = Marek
 |editor-last3         = Majtczak
 |editor-first3        = Tomasz
 |chapter              = On the eve of colonialism: Arab rulers and Russian authorities at the last third of the 18th century
 |title                = Oriental Languages and Civilizations
 |date = 19 October 2020
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=ckwvEAAAQBAJ
 |location             = Kraków
 |publisher            = Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskego
 |publication-date     = 2020
 |page                 = 235
 |isbn                 = 9788323371274
 |access-date          = 27 January 2022
 |quote                = On June 28, {{sic|1772|hide=y|expected=1772,}} the emir of Mount Lebanon Yusuf Shihab (1752–1790) announced the transition to the Russian 'protectorate' and the consent to pay an annual tribute [...]. [...] The mutual rapprochement was interrupted by the armistice between Russia and the Ottoman Empire concluded on May 20, {{sic|1772|hide=y|expected=1772,}} in Focsani. [...] on January 1 of 1774 on the eve of the departure of Russian ships from Beirut, the emir of Mount Lebanon appealed to count Orlov with a petition to extend the subjection of the empress Catherine II to him.
}} 
</ref>

The most prominent Shihab, [[Bashir Shihab II]],<ref name=":3" /> ruled as Emir of Mount Lebanon from 1789 to 1840. The [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|events of 1799]] tested his ability as a statesman when [[Napoleon]] besieged [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], a well-fortified coastal city in Palestine, about forty kilometers south of Tyre.<ref name=":3" /> Both Napoleon and Al Jazzar, the governor of Acre, requested assistance from the Shihab leader; Bashir, however, remained neutral, declining to assist either combatant.<ref name=":3" /> Unable to conquer Acre, Napoleon returned to Egypt, and the death of Al Jazzar in 1804 removed Bashir's principal opponent in the area.

The Shihabs were originally a [[Sunni Islam in Lebanon|Sunni Muslim]] family, but converted to Christianity<ref name=":3" /> in the late-18th century.

==== Emir Bashir II ====
[[File:BashirChehab.jpg|thumbnail|[[Bashir Shihab II]]]]
In 1788 [[Bashir Shihab II]] (or Bachir in French sources) would rise to become the Emir. Born into poverty, he was elected emir upon the abdication of his predecessor, and would rule under Ottoman suzerainty, being appointed ''wali'' or governor of Mt Lebanon, the Biqa valley and Jabal Amil. Together this is about two thirds of modern-day Lebanon. He would reform taxes and attempt to break the feudal system, in order to undercut rivals, the most important of which was also named Bashir: Bashir Jumblatt, whose wealth and feudal backers equaled or exceeded Bashir II—and who had increasing support in the Druze community. In 1822 the Ottoman wali of Damascus went to war with Acre, which was allied with [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]], the [[pasha]] of Egypt. As part of this conflict one of the most remembered massacres of Maronite Christians by Druze forces occurred, forces that were aligned with the wali of Damascus. Jumblatt represented the increasingly disaffected Druze, who were both shut out from official power and angered at the growing ties with the Maronites by Bashir II, who was himself a Maronite Christian.

Bashir II was overthrown as wali when he backed Acre, and fled to Egypt, later to return and organize an army. Jumblatt gathered the Druze factions together, and the war became sectarian in character: the Maronites backing Bashir II, the Druze backing Bashir Jumblatt. Jumblatt declared a rebellion, and between 1821 and 1825 there were massacres and battles, with the Maronites attempting to gain control of the Mt. Lebanon district, and the Druze gaining control over the Biqa valley. In 1825 Bashir II, helped by the Ottomans and the Jezzar, defeated his rival in the Battle of Simqanieh. Bashir Jumblatt died in Acre at the order of the Jezzar. Bashir II was not a forgiving man and repressed the Druze rebellion, particularly in and around Beirut. This made Bashir Chehab the only leader of Mount Lebanon. However, Bashir Chehab was depicted as a nasty leader because Bashir Jumblatt was his all-time friend and has saved his life when the Keserwan peasants tried to kill the prince, by sending 1000 of his men to save him. Also, days before the Battle of Simqania, Bashir Jumblatt had the chance to kill Bashir II when he was returning from Acre when he reportedly kissed the Jezzar's feet in order to help him against Jumblatt, but Bashir II reminded him of their friendship and told Jumblatt to "pardon when you can". The high morals of Jumblatt led him to pardon Bashir II, a decision he should have regretted.

Bashir II, who had come to power through local politics and nearly fallen from power because of his increasing detachment from them, reached out for allies, allies who looked on the entire area as "the Orient" and who could provide trade, weapons and money, without requiring fealty and without, it seemed, being drawn into endless internal squabbles. He disarmed the Druze and allied with France, governing in the name of the Egyptian Pasha Muhammad Ali, who entered Lebanon and formally took overlordship in 1832. For the remaining 8 years, the sectarian and feudal rifts of the 1821–1825 conflict were heightened by the increasing economic isolation of the Druze, and the increasing wealth of the Maronites.

During the nineteenth century the town of Beirut became the most important port of the region, supplanting Acre further to the south. This was mostly because Mount Lebanon became a centre of [[silk]] production for export to Europe. This industry made the region wealthy, but also dependent on links to Europe. Since most of the silk went to [[Marseille]], the French began to have a great impact in the region.