Editing History of Islam (section)

===Late Baghdad Abbasids===
''Late High Middle Ages''

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  from:1094 till:1118 color:age text:[[Al-Mustazhir|Mustazhir]]
  from:1118 till:1135 color:era text:[[Al-Mustarshid|Mustarshid]]
  from:1135 till:1136 color:age shift:(0,-15) text:[[Al-Rashid (12th century)|Rashid]]
  from:1136 till:1160 color:era text:[[Al-Muqtafi (Abbasid Caliph)|Muqtafi]]
  from:1160 till:1170 color:age text:[[Al-Mustanjid|Mustanjid]]
  from:1170 till:1180 color:era text:[[Al-Mustadi|Mustadi]]
  from:1180 till:1225 color:age text:[[An-Nasir|Nasir]]
  from:1225 till:1226 color:era shift:(0,-15) text:[[Az-Zahir (Abbasid caliph)|Zahir]]
  from:1226 till:1242 color:age text:[[Al-Mustansir (Baghdad)|Mustansir]]
  from:1242 till:1258 color:era text:[[Al-Musta'sim|Musta'sim]]
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  from:1147 till:1149 color:lightgrey text:[[Second Crusade|2nd]]
  from:1099 till:1187 color:lightgrey shift:(-40,-3) text:[[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]
  from:1187 till:1192 color:lightgrey text:[[Third Crusade|3rd]]
  from:1202 till:1204 color:lightgrey text:[[Fourth Crusade|4th]]
  from:1217 till:1221 color:lightgrey text:[[Fifth Crusade|5th]]
  from:1228 till:1229 color:lightgrey text:[[Sixth Crusade|6th]]
  from:1248 till:1254 color:lightgrey text:[[Seventh Crusade|7th]]

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{{multiple image|header_background = #f8eaba
| header = Al-Aqsa Mosque
| image1 = Page 99.Strange.jpg|width1=215|caption1 = Plan of Al-Aqsa Mosque, year 985
| image2 = The Dome of Al Aqsa Mousque.jpg|width2=190|caption2 = Dome of Al Aqsa Mosque
}}

The Late Baghdad Abbasids reigned from the beginning of the [[Crusades]] to the [[Seventh Crusade]]. The first Caliph was [[Al-Mustazhir]]. He was politically irrelevant, despite civil strife at home and the [[First Crusade]] in Syria. [[Raymond IV of Toulouse]] attempted to attack Baghdad, losing at the [[Battle of Manzikert]]. The global Muslim population climbed to about 5 per cent as against the Christian population of 11 per cent by 1100. [[Jerusalem]] was captured by crusaders who massacred its inhabitants. Preachers travelled throughout the caliphate proclaiming the tragedy and rousing men to recover the [[Al-Aqsa|Al-Aqsa Mosque compound]] from the ''[[Franks]]'' (European Crusaders). Crowds of exiles rallied for war against the [[infidel]]. Neither the Sultan nor the Caliph sent an army west.<ref name="muir" />

[[Al-Mustarshid]] achieved more independence while the sultan [[Mahmud II of Great Seljuq]] was engaged in war in the East. The [[Bani Assad|Banu Mazyad]] (Mazyadid State) general, [[Dubays ibn Sadaqa]]<ref>ʻIzz al-Dīn Ibn al-Athīr, Donald Sidney Richards, ''The chronicle of Ibn al-Athīr for the crusading period from al-Kāmil fī'l-ta'rīkh: The years 491–541/1097–1146 : the coming of the Franks and the Muslim response''.</ref> (emir of [[Al-Hilla]]), plundered [[Bosra]] and attacked Baghdad together with a young brother of the sultan, [[Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud]]. Dubays was crushed by a Seljuq army under [[Imad ad-Din Zengi|Zengi]], founder of the [[Zengid dynasty]]. Mahmud's death was followed by a civil war between his son Dawud, his nephew Mas'ud and the atabeg Toghrul II. Zengi was recalled to the East, stimulated by the Caliph and Dubays, where he was beaten. The Caliph then laid siege to Mosul for three months without success, resisted by Mas'ud and Zengi. It was nonetheless a milestone in the caliphate's military revival.<ref>{{cite book|author=Martin Sicker|title=The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlWsMcwZ9vEC|date=2000|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-96892-2}}</ref>

After the siege of Damascus (1134),<ref>{{cite book|first=Jean|last=Richard|title=The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem|volume=1|date=1979|page=36|translator-first=Janet|translator-last=Shirley|publisher=North-Holland Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-444-85092-8}}</ref> Zengi undertook [[Military history of the Crusader states#War with the Zengids|operations in Syria]]. Al-Mustarshid attacked sultan Mas'ud of western Seljuq and was taken prisoner. He was later found murdered.<ref>It is supposed by an emissary of the [[Hashshashins]], who had no love for the Caliph. Modern historians have suspected that Mas'ud instigated the murder although the two most important historians of the period Ibn al-Athir and Ibn al-Jawzi did not speculate on this matter.</ref> His son, [[Al-Rashid (12th century)|Al-Rashid]] failed to gain independence from Seljuq Turks. Zengi, because of the murder of Dubays, set up a rival Sultanate. Mas'ud attacked; the Caliph and Zengi, hopeless of success, escaped to Mosul. The Sultan regained power, a council was held, the Caliph was deposed, and his uncle, son of [[Al-Muqtafi (Abbasid Caliph)|Al-Muqtafi]], appointed as the new Caliph. Ar-Rashid fled to [[Isfahan]] and was killed by Hashshashins.<ref name="muir" />

Continued disunion and contests between Seljuq Turks allowed al-Muqtafi to maintain control in Baghdad and to extend it throughout Iraq. In 1139, al-Muqtafi granted protection to Patriarch [[Abdisho III]] of the [[Church of the East]]. While the Crusade raged, the Caliph successfully defended Baghdad against Muhammad II of Seljuq in the [[Siege of Baghdad (1157)]]. The Sultan and the Caliph dispatched men in response to Zengi's appeal, but neither the Seljuqs, nor the Caliph, nor their Amirs, dared resist the Crusaders.

The next caliph, [[Al-Mustanjid]], saw [[Saladin]] extinguish the [[Fatimid dynasty]] after 260 years, and thus the Abbasids again prevailed. [[Al-Mustadi]] reigned when Saladin became the sultan of Egypt and declared allegiance to the Abbasids.

[[An-Nasir]], "''The Victor for the Religion of God''", attempted to restore the Caliphate to its ancient dominant role. He consistently held Iraq from Tikrit to the Gulf without interruption. His forty-seven-year reign was chiefly marked by ambitious and corrupt dealings with the Tartar chiefs, and by his hazardous invocation of the Mongols, which ended his dynasty. His son, [[Az-Zahir (Abbasid caliph)|Az-Zahir]], was Caliph for a short period before his death and An-Nasir's grandson, [[Al-Mustansir (Baghdad)|Al-Mustansir]], was made caliph.

Al-Mustansir founded the [[Mustansiriya Madrasah]]. In 1236 [[Ögedei Khan]] commanded to raise up [[Greater Khorasan|Khorassan]]<!-- what does "to raise up" mean here?--> and populated [[Herat]]. The Mongol military governors mostly made their camp in [[Mughan plain]], Azerbaijan. The rulers of [[Mosul]] and [[Cilician Armenia]] surrendered. Chormaqan divided the [[South Caucasus]] region into three districts based on military hierarchy.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Grigor of Akanc|title=The history of the nation of archers|translator1-first=R.P.|translator1-last=Blake|page=303|journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies|translator2-first=Richard N.|translator2-last=Frye|date=December 1949|volume=12|number=3/4|jstor=2718096|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2718096.pdf}}</ref> In Georgia, the population were temporarily divided into eight [[Tumen (unit)|tumens]].<ref>Kalistriat Salia-History of the Georguan Nation, p. 210</ref> By 1237 the Mongol Empire had subjugated most of Persia, excluding [[Abbasid]] Iraq and [[Ismaili]] strongholds, and all of [[Afghanistan]] and [[Kashmir]].<ref>[[Thomas T. Allsen]] (2004) ''Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia'', Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-60270-X}}, p. 84</ref>

[[Al-Musta'sim]] was the last Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad and is noted for his opposition to the rise of Shajar al-Durr to the Egyptian throne during the Seventh Crusade. To the east, Mongol forces under [[Hulagu Khan]] swept through the [[Transoxiana]] and [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]. [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)|Baghdad was sacked]] and the caliph deposed soon afterwards. The Mamluk sultans and Syria later appointed a powerless Abbasid Caliph in Cairo.