Editing History of Guam (section)

===Capture of Guam===
[[File:"Insular Patrolman and School, Guam, 1914" (48586124571) (cropped).jpg|thumb|School and [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine]] patrolman, 1914]]
On June 21, 1898, the United States [[Capture of Guam|captured Guam]] in a bloodless landing during the [[Spanish–American War]]. By the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]], Spain officially ceded the island to the United States.{{r|Rodgers}}{{rp|110–112}} Between the American capture of Guam, and installation of a Naval Governor in August 1899, there was a flux in governance of the island.<ref name=Oberiano2021 />{{rp|61–64}} Guam became part of an American [[Submarine communications cable|telegraph line]] to the [[Philippines]], also ceded by the treaty;<ref name="kennedy197110">{{cite journal |jstor=563928 |title=Imperial Cable Communications and Strategy, 1870-1914 |author=Kennedy, P. M. |journal=The English Historical Review |date=October 1971 |volume=86 |issue=341 |pages=728–752 |doi=10.1093/ehr/lxxxvi.cccxli.728}}</ref> a way station for American ships traveling to and from there; and an important part of the United States' [[War Plan Orange]] against Japan. Although [[Alfred Thayer Mahan]], [[Robert Coontz]], and others envisioned the island as "a kind of [[Gibraltar]]" in the Pacific, Congress repeatedly failed to fulfill the military's requests to fortify Guam; when the German warship {{SMS|Cormoran|1914|6}} was [[interned]] in 1914 before America's entry into [[World War I]], its crew of 543 outnumbered their American custodians.{{r|Rodgers}}{{rp|131,133,135–136}}

Guam came to serve as a station for American merchant and warships traveling to and from the [[Philippines]] (another American acquisition from Spain) while the [[Northern Mariana Islands]] were sold by Spain to Germany for part of its rapidly expanding [[German Empire]]. A U.S. Navy yard was established at [[Piti, Guam|Piti]] in 1899, and a [[United States Marine Corps]] barracks at [[Sumay, Guam|Sumay]] in 1901.<ref name=Rottman>Rottman, G. (2004) ''Guam 1941 & 1944: Loss and Reconquest''. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, {{ISBN|978-1-84176-811-3}}</ref>{{rp|13}}

During the [[Philippine–American War]] of 1899–1902, [[Apolinario Mabini]] was exiled to Guam in 1901 after his capture.<ref name=Mabini>Mabini, A., 1969, ''The Philippine Revolution'', Republic of the Philippines, Dept. of Education, National Historical Commission</ref>{{rp|vi}} Mabini was one of 43 prisoners, accompanied by 15 servants, who were exiled to Guam.<ref name=OConner2020>{{cite web |url=https://humanities.wustl.edu/news/%E2%80%9Camerica%E2%80%99s-st-helena%E2%80%9D-filipino-exiles-and-us-empire-guam-1901%E2%80%9303 |title="America's St. Helena": Filipino Exiles and U.S. Empire on Guam, 1901–03 |last=O'Conner |first=Lopaka |date=13 May 2020 |website=Center of Humanities |publisher=Washington University in St. Louis |access-date=13 October 2023 }}</ref> They were imprisoned on the site of a former [[Leper colony|leper hospital]] in Asan.<ref name=OConner2020 /> The prison was commanded by an officer of the United States Army;<ref name=ArmyDeptRpt1901>{{cite book | author=United States. War Department | title=Annual Report of the Secretary of War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYFNAAAAYAAJ&q=guam | publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office | issue=v. 1 | year=1901 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYFNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA422 |chapter=Expedition to the Island of Guam with Deported Prisoners of War | access-date=13 October 2023 | pages=422–432}}</ref> under the army officer the guards of the facility were provided by the United States Marine Corps.<ref name=NavyDeptRpt1901>{{cite book | author=United States. Navy Department | title=Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy | issue=v. 2 | year=1901 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4FGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1231 | access-date=13 October 2023 | page=1231}}</ref>{{efn|During this period there was unrest caused by Marines who were assigned to guard duty at the facility. This unrest included theft, and assault.<ref name=OConner2020 /><ref>{{cite book | author=District of Columbia. Court of Appeals | author2=United States. Courts | author3=District of Columbia. Superior Court | title=The Daily Washington Law Reporter | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yURFAQAAMAAJ | issue=v. 31 | year=1903 | chapter=George A McGowan, On Behalf of Edward Johnson, Appellant v. William H. Moody, Secretary of the Navy | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yURFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA371 | access-date=16 October 2023 | page=371}}</ref> }} The facility was named the [[Presidio of Asan]].<ref name=OConner2020 /><ref name=NavyDeptRpt1901 /> Marines assigned to the facility would rotate from [[Naval Base Cavite|Cavite]] every six months.<ref name=OConner2020 /> One of those exiled and imprisoned at the facility would be one of the first two [[Resident Commissioner of the Philippines]] [[Pablo Ocampo]].<ref name=ArmyDeptRpt1901 />{{rp|428}}<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated-->  |date=16 April 1909 |title=Characters in Congress |url=https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&d=teh19090416-01.1.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN---------- |work=[[The East Hampton Star]] |location=East Hampton, Suffolk County, New York |access-date=13 October 2023}}<br/>{{cite book | title=Philippine Education |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dCY4AQAAMAAJ&q=Pablo+Ocampo+commissioner+exile+guam | publisher=F.R. Lutz | issue=v. 12-13 | year=1913 | chapter=Filipinos Who Have Been in the United States |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dCY4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA249 | access-date=13 October 2023 | page=249}}<br/>{{cite book | last=Ongsotto | first=E.A. | title=Philippine History Module-based Learning I' 2002 Ed. | publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc. | isbn=978-971-23-3449-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITLRpPrrcykC&pg=PA174 | access-date=13 October 2023 | page=174}}</ref> The facility closed in 1903.<ref name=NPS2013>{{cite report |author=Vida Germano |author2=David Louter |author3=Raymond F.Y. Blas |author4=Lynda Bordallo Aguon |author5=James Oelke |date=2013 |title=Cultural Landscapes Inventory |url=http://npshistory.com/publications/wapa/cli-2013.pdf |publisher=National Park Service |page= |docket=War in the Pacific National Historical Park |access-date=13 October 2023 |quote=}}</ref>{{rp|24}}

Following the German defeat in [[World War I]], the [[Northern Mariana Islands]] became part of the [[South Seas Mandate]], a [[League of Nations]] Mandate in 1919 with the nearby [[Empire of Japan]] as the mandatory ("trustee") as a member nation of the victorious [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] in the "Great War".<ref name="Rogers2"/> The 1910 [[Catholic Encyclopedia]] said of Guam, "of its total population of 11,490 (11,159 natives), [[Hagåtña]], the capital, contains about 8,000. Possessing a good harbor, the island serves as a United States [[Apra Harbor|naval station]], the naval commandant acting also as [[governor]]. The products of the island are [[maize]], [[copra]], [[rice]], [[sugar]], and valuable [[timber]]." [[Governor of Guam|Military officers governed the island]] as "USS ''Guam''", and the [[United States Navy]] opposed proposals for civilian government until 1950.{{r|Rodgers}}{{rp|125–126}}