Editing History of Algeria (section)

==== Buluggin's successors and the first divisions ====
After Buluggin's death, rule of the Zirid state passed to his son, [[Al-Mansur ibn Buluggin]] (r. 984–996), and continued through his descendants. However, this alienated the other sons of Ziri ibn Manad who now found themselves excluded from power. In 999 many of these brothers launched a rebellion in 'Ashir against [[Badis ibn al-Mansur]] (r. 996–1016), Buluggin's grandson, marking the first serious break in the unity of the Zirids.<ref name="Handler-1974">{{Cite book |last=Handler |first=Andrew |title=The Zirids of Granada |publisher=University of Miami Press |year=1974 |isbn=0870242164 |pages=8–14 |language=en}}</ref> The rebels were defeated in battle by [[Hammad ibn Buluggin]], Badis' uncle, and most of the brothers were killed. The only remaining brother of stature, [[Zawi ibn Ziri]], led the remaining rebels westwards and sought new opportunity in [[al-Andalus]] under the [[Caliphate of Córdoba|Umayyads Caliphs of Cordoba]], the former enemies of the Fatimids and Zirids.<ref name="Handler-1974" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Catlos |first=Brian A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JuVuAwAAQBAJ&dq=zawi+ibn+ziri&pg=PT49 |title=Infidel Kings and Unholy Warriors: Faith, Power, and Violence in the Age of Crusade and Jihad |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-374-71205-1 |pages=27 |language=en}}</ref> He and his followers eventually founded an independent kingdom in al-Andalus, the [[Taifa of Granada|''Taifa'' of Granada]], in 1013.<ref name="Kennedy-1996">{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Hugh |title=Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |isbn=9781317870418 |location= |pages=141–142}}</ref><ref name="Rodgers-2021">{{Cite book |last1=Rodgers |first1=Helen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugRqEAAAQBAJ |title=City of Illusions: A History of Granada |last2=Cavendish |first2=Stephen |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-19-764406-5 |pages=11–15 |language=en}}</ref>

After 1001 Tripolitania broke away under the leadership of Fulful ibn Sa'id ibn Khazrun, a [[Maghrawa]] leader who founded the [[Banu Khazrun]] dynasty, which endured until 1147.<ref name="Oman-2007">{{Cite book |last1=Oman |first1=G. |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |last2=Christides |first2=V. |last3=Bosworth |first3=C.E. |publisher=Brill |year=1960–2007 |isbn=9789004161214 |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P. |location= |pages= |chapter=Ṭarābulus al-G̲h̲arb |editor-last2=Bianquis |editor-first2=Th. |editor-last3=Bosworth |editor-first3=C.E. |editor-last4=van Donzel |editor-first4=E. |editor-last5=Heinrichs |editor-first5=W.P.}}</ref>{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=67}}<ref name="Fehervari-2002b">{{Cite book |last=Fehérvári |first=Géza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6cuAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Qairawan+and+not+Cairo+that+ruled+both+Surt+and+Ajdabiya%22 |title=Excavations at Surt (Medinat Al-Sultan) Between 1977 and 1981 |publisher=Department of Antiquities |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-900971-00-3 |pages=17 |language=en}}</ref> Fulful fought a protracted war against [[Badis ibn al-Mansur]] and sought outside help from the Fatimids and even from the Umayyads of Cordoba, but after his death in 1009 the Zirids were able to retake Tripoli for a time. The region nonetheless remained effectively under control of the Banu Khazrun, who fluctuated between practical autonomy and full independence, often playing the Fatimids and the Zirids against each other.<ref name="Lewicki-2007">{{Cite book |last=Lewicki |first=T. |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |publisher=Brill |year=1960–2007 |isbn=9789004161214 |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P. |location= |pages= |chapter=Mag̲h̲rāwa |editor-last2=Bianquis |editor-first2=Th. |editor-last3=Bosworth |editor-first3=C.E. |editor-last4=van Donzel |editor-first4=E. |editor-last5=Heinrichs |editor-first5=W.P.}}</ref><ref name="Garnier-2020">{{Cite book |last=Garnier |first=Sébastien |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three |publisher=Brill |year=2020 |isbn=9789004161658 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |location= |pages= |chapter=Libya until 1500 |editor-last2=Krämer |editor-first2=Gudrun |editor-last3=Matringe |editor-first3=Denis |editor-last4=Nawas |editor-first4=John |editor-last5=Rowson |editor-first5=Everett}}</ref>{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=67}}{{Sfn|Brett|2017|p=128, 142}} The Zirids finally lost Tripoli to them in 1022.{{Sfn|Brett|2017|p=174}}

Badis appointed Hammad ibn Buluggin as governor of 'Ashir and the western Zirid territories in 997.{{Sfn|Baadj|2015|p=40}} He gave Hammad a great deal of autonomy, allowing him to campaign against the Zanata and control any new territories he conquered.{{sfn|Tibi|2002|p={{page needed|date=April 2023}}}}{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=69}} Hammad constructed his own capital, the [[Qal'at Bani Hammad]], in 1008, and in 1015 he rebelled against Badis and declared himself independent altogether, while also recognizing the Abbasids instead of the Fatimids as caliphs. Badis besieged Hammad's capital and nearly subdued him, but died in 1016 shortly before this could be accomplished. His son and successor, [[al-Mu'izz ibn Badis]] (r. 1016–1062), defeated Hammad in 1017, which forced the negotiation of a peace agreement between them. Hammad resumed his recognition of the Fatimids as caliphs but remained independent, forging a new [[Hammadid dynasty|Hammadid]] state which controlled a large part of present-day Algeria thereafter.{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=69}}