Editing Hierarchical organization (section)

====Hierarchy as ladder of ideology====
In a hierarchy driven by [[ideology]], people establish themselves as legitimate [[Leadership|leaders]] by invoking some (e.g., religious, spiritual or political) idea to justify the hierarchical relationship between higher and lower levels.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brummans |first1=Boris H. J. M. |last2=Hwang |first2=Jennie M. |last3=Cheong |first3=Pauline Hope |date= |title=Mindful Authoring through Invocation: Leaders' Constitution of a Spiritual Organization |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0893318913479176 |journal=Management Communication Quarterly |language=en |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=346–372 |doi=10.1177/0893318913479176 |issn=0893-3189}}</ref><ref>Gelfand, M. (1959), ''Shona Ritual.'' Cape Town: Juta &amp; Co.</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Howe |first=Leo |date=1991 |title=Rice, Ideology, and the Legitimation of Hierarchy in Bali |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2803877 |journal=Man |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=445–467 |doi=10.2307/2803877 |jstor=2803877 |issn=0025-1496}}</ref> Ideological hierarchies have a long history, for example in the administrative hierarchies headed by [[pharaoh]]s in [[ancient Egypt]] or those headed by [[king]]s in [[Middle Ages|medieval Europe]].<ref name=":6">Shaw, G.J. (2012), ''The Pharaoh, Life at Court and on Campaign''. London: Thames &amp; Hudson.</ref> The main [[Legitimacy (political)|legitimacy]] of any pharaoh or king arose from the strong belief in the idea that the pharaoh/king acts as the [[intermediary]] between the gods and the people, and thus deputizes for the gods.<ref name=":6" /> Another example is the hierarchy prevailing until today in the [[Bali]]nese community, which is strongly connected to the rice cycle that is believed to constitute a hierarchical relationship between gods and humans, both of whom must play their parts to secure a good crop; the same ideology also legitimizes the hierarchical relationship between high and low castes in Bali.<ref name=":9" /> Ideological ladders have also long sustained the way the [[Catholic Church|Catholic church]] and the [[Caste system in India|Hindu caste system]] operates.<ref name=":1" /> Hierarchies of ideology also exist in many other settings, for instance, those driven by prevailing [[Value (ethics and social sciences)|values]] and [[belief]]s about how the (e.g. business) world should operate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pettigrew |first=Andrew M. |date=1979 |title=On Studying Organizational Cultures |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2392363 |journal=Administrative Science Quarterly |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=570–581 |doi=10.2307/2392363 |jstor=2392363 |issn=0001-8392}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Abhinav |last2=Briscoe |first2=Forrest |last3=Hambrick |first3=Donald C. |date= |title=Red, blue, and purple firms: Organizational political ideology and corporate social responsibility: Organizational Political Ideology and Corporate Social Responsibility |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smj.2550 |journal=Strategic Management Journal |language=en |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=1018–1040 |doi=10.1002/smj.2550|hdl=10.1002/smj.2550 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> An example is the ideology of "maximizing [[shareholder value]]", which is widely used in [[Public company|publicly traded companies]].<ref name=":4" /> This ideology helps in creating and sustaining the image of a clear hierarchy from shareholders to employees—although, in practice, the separation of legal ownership and actual control implies that the [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] together with the [[Board of directors|Board of Directors]] are at the top of the corporate hierarchy.<ref name=":3" /> Given that public corporations (primarily) thrive on ladders of authority; this example also demonstrates how ladders of authority and ideology can complement and reinforce each other.<ref name="Romme"/>