Editing Hiberno-English (section)

===Consonants===
The [[consonant]]s of Hiberno-English mostly align with the typical English consonant sounds. However, a few Irish English consonants have distinctive, varying qualities. The following consonant features are defining characteristics of Hiberno-English: 
*[[Th-stopping]]: {{IPA|/ð/}} and {{IPA|/θ/}} are pronounced as stops, {{IPAblink|d}} and {{IPAblink|t}}, making ''then'' and ''den'' as well as ''thin'' and ''tin'' [[homophone]]s. Some accents realise them as dental stops {{IPA|[t̪, d̪]}} and do not merge them with [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] {{IPA|/t, d/}}, making ''tin'' ({{IPA|[tʰɪn]}}) and ''thin'' {{IPA|[t̪ʰɪn]}} a minimal pair. In Ulster they are {{IPA|[ð]}} and {{IPA|[θ]}}.<ref name="Wells1982">{{cite book |last=Wells |first=J.C. |title=The British Isles |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1989 |isbn=9780521285407 |series=Accents of English |volume=2 |pages=565–566, 635}}</ref>
*[[Rhoticity in English|Rhoticity]]: The pronunciation of historical {{IPA|/r/}} is universal in Irish English, as in General American (but not Received Pronunciation), i.e. {{IPA|/r/}} is always pronounced, even word finally and before consonants (e.g. ''here'', ''cart'', or ''surf'').
*[[Yod-dropping]] after {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/l/}} and {{IPA|/s/}}, e.g. ''new'' {{IPA|/nuː/}}, lute {{IPA|/ˈluːt/}}, and ''sue'' {{IPA|/suː/}}, and [[Yod-coalescence]] after {{IPA|/d/}} and {{IPA|/t/}}, e.g. ''duty'' {{IPA|/ˈdʒuːti/}} and ''tune'' {{IPA|/tʃuːn/}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|2007b|p=184}}</ref><ref>Wells, 1982, p. 435.</ref>
*Lack of [[H-dropping]] and occurrence of {{IPA|/h/}} where it is permitted in [[Irish language|Irish]] but excluded in other [[List of dialects of the English language|dialects of English]], such as word-mediality before an [[unstressed vowel]] (e.g. ''Haughey'' {{IPA|/ˈhɔːhi/}}) and word-finally (e.g. ''McGrath'' {{IPA|/məˈɡɹæh/}}). The pronunciation ''[[h]]aitch'' {{IPA|/heɪtʃ/}} for {{Vr|h}} is standard in the Republic of Ireland and among Catholics in Northern Ireland, while Protestants in Northern Ireland use ''aitch'' {{IPA|/eɪtʃ/}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/428002398/Protestants_and_the_Irish_language_in_Northern_Ireland.pdf|title=Protestants and the Irish language in Northern Ireland|last=McCoy|first=Gordon|date=May 1997|accessdate=2024-06-10|page=50}}</ref>
*Syllable-final and [[intervocalic]] {{IPA|/t/}} (and sometimes {{IPA|/d/}}) is pronounced uniquely in most Hiberno-English (but not Ulster) as a "[[slit fricative]]". This is similar to {{IPA|/s/}} but without the [[Sibilant|hissy]] articulation.
*The phoneme {{IPA|/l/}} is almost always of a "light" or "clear" quality (i.e. not [[velarization|velarised]]), unlike Received Pronunciation, which uses both a clear and a dark "L" sound, or General American, which pronounces all "L" sounds as dark.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! '''Diaphoneme'''
! '''Ulster'''{{ref|NI|1}}
! '''West & <br />South-West Ireland'''
! '''Local <br />Dublin'''{{ref|Dub|2}}
! '''Advanced <br />Dublin'''
! '''Supraregional <br />Ireland'''
! '''Example words'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ð/}}
| {{IPA|[ð]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[d]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[d̪]}}
| '''th'''is, wri'''th'''e, wi'''th'''er 
|-
| syllable-final {{IPA|/l/}}
| {{IPA|[l]}} or {{IPA|[ɫ]}}
| {{IPA|[l]}}
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|[l]}} or {{IPA|[ɫ]}}
| ba'''ll''', so'''l'''dier, mi'''l'''k
|-
| {{IPA|/r/}}{{ref|r|3}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɻ]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɹˠ]}}
| {{IPA|[ɹˠ]}} or {{IPA|[ɾ]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɻ]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɹˠ]}} or {{IPA|[ɻ]}}
|'''r'''ot, ee'''r'''ie, sca'''r'''y 
|-
|syllable-final {{IPA|/r/}}
|{{IPA|[ɹˠ]}} or {{IPA|[∅]}}
|ca'''r''', shi'''r'''t, he'''r'''e
|-
| intervocalic {{IPA|/t/}}
| {{IPA|[ɾ]}}, {{IPA|[ʔ]}}, or {{IPA|[∅]}}
| {{IPA|[θ̠]}} or {{IPA|[ɾ]}}{{ref|th|4}}
| {{IPA|[ʔ(h)]}}
| {{IPA|[ɾθ̠]}}{{ref|th|4}}
| {{IPA|[θ̠]}}, {{IPA|[ʔ]}}, or {{IPA|[ɾ]}}{{ref|th|4}}
| ba'''tt'''le, I'''t'''aly, wa'''t'''er 
|-
| word-final {{IPA|/t/}}
| {{IPA|[t]}} or {{IPA|[ʔ]}}
| {{IPA|[θ̠]}}
| {{IPA|[ʔ]}}, {{IPA|[h]}}, or {{IPA|[∅]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[θ̠]}} or {{IPA|[ʔ]}}
| ca'''t''', ge'''t''', righ'''t''' 
|-
| {{IPA|/θ/}}
| {{IPA|[θ]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[t]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[t̪]}}
| le'''th'''al, '''th'''ick, wra'''th''' 
|-
| {{IPA|/hw/}}{{ref|hw|5}}
| {{IPA|[w]}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʍ]}}
| {{IPA|[w]}}
| {{IPA|[ʍ]}} or {{IPA|[w]}}
| a'''wh'''ile, '''wh'''ale, '''wh'''en
|}
'''Footnotes:'''

{{note|NI|1}}In traditional, conservative [[Ulster English]], {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}} are [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalised]] before an [[Open vowel|open]] [[front vowel]].<ref>{{harvnb|de Gruyter|2004|pp=88}}</ref>

{{note|Dub|2}}Local Dublin features [[consonant cluster]] [[Consonant-cluster reduction|reduction]], so that [[plosive]]s occurring after [[fricative]]s or [[sonorant]]s may be left unpronounced, resulting, for example, in "poun(d)" and "las(t)".<ref name="South-West" />

{{note|r|3}}In extremely traditional and [[conservative (linguistics)|conservative]] accents (e.g. [[Mícheál Ó Muircheartaigh]] and [[Jackie Healy-Rae]]), prevocalic {{IPA|/r/}} can also be an [[alveolar flap]], {{IPA|[ɾ]}}. {{IPA|/r/}} may be [[guttural R|guttural]] ([[uvular]], {{IPA|[ʁ]}}) in north-east [[Leinster]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|2007a|p=320}}</ref>

{{note|th|4}}{{vr|θ̠}} is used here to represent the [[voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative]], sometimes known as a "slit fricative",<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Hickey|1984|p=234">{{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|1984|p=234}}</ref> which is [[Apical consonant|apico]]-[[alveolar consonant|alveolar]].<ref name="de Gruyter 2004 93">{{harv|de Gruyter|2004|p=93}}</ref>

{{note|hw|5}}Overall, {{IPA|/hw/}} and {{IPA|/w/}} are being increasingly [[Wine–whine merger|merged]] in supraregional Irish English, for example, making ''wine'' and ''whine'' [[homophones]], as in most varieties of English around the world.<ref name="de Gruyter 2004 93" />