Editing Henry Morgan (section)

==Legacy==
{{See also|Captain Morgan in popular culture}}
[[File:Voorpagina Americaensche Zee-Roovers.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Alexandre Exquemelin]]'s ''De Americaensche Zee-Roovers'' (1678) which affected history's view of Morgan]]

Rogoziński observes that Morgan is probably the "best-known pirate" because of Exquemelin's book,{{sfn|Rogoziński|1995|p=228}} although, Cordingly writes that Exquemelin bore a grudge over what he saw was Morgan's theft of the bounty from Panama. His experience explains "why he painted such a black picture of Morgan and portrayed him as a cruel and unscrupulous villain",{{sfn|Cordingly|2006|pp=52–53}} which subsequently affected historians' view of Morgan.{{sfn|Rogoziński|1995|p=228}}{{sfn|Allen|1976|p=175}} Allen observes that, partly because of Exquemelin, Morgan has not been well-served by historians. He cites the examples of the historians whose biographies were so flawed they wrote that Morgan had died in either London, prison or the Tower of London. These included Charles Leslie, ''A New History of Jamaica'' (1739), Alan Gardner, ''History of Jamaica'' (1873), Hubert Bancroft, ''History of Central America'' (1883) and [[Howard Pyle]]'s work, ''Howard Pyle's Book of Pirates'' (compiled in 1921).{{sfn|Allen|1976|pp=137, 175}}

Exquemelin wrote that Morgan's men undertook widespread torture in several of the towns they captured. According to Stephen Snelders, in his history of piracy, the Spanish reports of Morgan's raids do not refer to torture being practiced on the residents of Porto Bello or Gibraltar – although there are reliable reports that it was carried out in Panama.{{sfn|Snelders|2005|p=111}} The historian Patrick Pringle observes that while torture seems cruel and ruthless to contemporary eyes, it was an accepted part of judicial interrogation in many European countries at the time.{{sfn|Pringle|2001|loc=869}}{{refn|Pringle identifies legal use of judicial torture in Scotland until 1708, in France until 1789 and the Spanish – as part of the [[Spanish Inquisition|Inquisition]] until the 1830s.{{sfn|Pringle|2001|loc=869–876}}|group=n}} Morgan always fought with a commission from the governor of Jamaica. In doing so, he was acting as a reserve naval force for the English government in the defence of Jamaica.{{sfn|Rogoziński|1995|p=228}}{{sfn|Snelders|2005|pp=89–90}} As the Spanish did not recognise privateering as a legal activity, even if a captain carried letters of marque, they considered Morgan to be a pirate, something he firmly rejected.{{sfn|Snelders|2005|pp=92}}{{sfn|Pringle|2001|loc=963}}

[[File:1922-captainblood-cover.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Rafael Sabatini]]'s 1922 novel ''[[Captain Blood (novel)|Captain Blood]]'' is based in large part on Morgan's career.]]
Rogoziński observes that Morgan does not appear in later fictional works as much as other pirates because of his "ambiguous mixture of charismatic leadership and selfish treachery",{{sfn|Rogoziński|1995|p=229}} although his name and persona have featured in literature, including [[Rafael Sabatini]]'s 1922 novel ''[[Captain Blood (novel)|Captain Blood]]'' and [[John Steinbeck]]'s first novel, ''[[Cup of Gold]]'' (1929), both of which are based in large part on Morgan's career.{{sfn|McGilligan|1986|p=299}}{{sfn|Breverton|2005|pp=146–147}} Morgan and stories of a hidden haul of treasure also feature to a lesser extent in other works, including [[Ian Fleming]]'s 1954 novel ''[[Live and Let Die (novel)|Live and Let Die]]''{{sfn|Lycett|1996|p=238}} and [[John Masefield]]'s 1920 poem "Captain Stratton's Fancy".{{sfn|Hold|2005|p=348}}{{refn|"Captain Stratton's Fancy" was later set to music by [[Peter Warlock]].{{sfn|Hold|2005|p=348}}|group=n}} Screen renditions of his life include ''[[Captain Blood (1935 film)|Captain Blood]]'' (1935), ''[[The Black Swan (film)|The Black Swan]]'' (1942),{{refn|''Captain Blood'' and ''The Black Swan'' were adapted from the respective Sabatini novels of the same name.{{sfn|Captain Blood, AFI}}{{sfn|Black Swan, AFI}}|group=n}} ''[[Blackbeard the Pirate]]'' (1952), ''[[Morgan the Pirate (film)|Morgan, the Pirate]]'' (1961), ''[[Pirates of Tortuga]]'' (1961) and ''[[The Black Corsair (1976 film)|The Black Corsair]]'' (1976).{{sfn|Rogoziński|1995|p=229}} Morgan has also been featured in several video games, including ''[[Sid Meier's Pirates! (2004 video game)|Sid Meier's Pirates!]]'' and ''[[Age of Pirates 2: City of Abandoned Ships]]''.{{sfn|Firaxis|2004}}

In 1944 the [[Seagram Company]] started manufacturing the [[Captain Morgan]] brand of [[rum]], named after the privateer. In 2001 the Captain Morgan brand was sold to [[Diageo]], the multinational drinks company based in London.{{sfn|Curtis|2007|p=42}}{{sfn|Diageo Company History}} The name of Morgan has been attached to local sites in the Caribbean, such as Morgan's Bridge, Morgan's Pass and Morgan's Valley in [[Clarendon Parish, Jamaica|Clarendon]],{{sfn|Tortello|2004}} Morgan's Harbour Hotel and Beach Club in Kingston,{{sfn|Breverton|2005|p=141}} the Hotel Henry Morgan, located in [[Roatán]], Honduras,{{sfn|Folliott|2014}} the Port Morgan resort located in Haiti{{sfn|Cornell|2014|p=102}} and Captain Morgan's Retreat and Vacation Club on [[Ambergris Caye]], Belize.{{sfn|Captain Morgan's Retreat}}

The economist [[Peter Leeson]] believes that pirates and privateers were generally shrewd businessmen, far removed from the modern, romanticised view of them as murderous brigands.{{sfn|Matson 2008}} The anthropologist Anne M. Galvin and the historian [[Kris Lane]] both view Morgan as seeking wealth to enter the [[landed gentry]];{{sfn|Lane|2000|p=96}}{{sfn|Galvin|2012|p=771}} Galvin wrote that Morgan pursued "social mobility through self-interested acts of outlawry, political wiles, and business acumen".{{sfn|Galvin|2012|p=771}} Glenn Blalock, writing for the ''American National Biography'', claims that Morgan was a hero to many Jamaicans and British both for his exploits as a buccaneer and for defending Jamaica for the [[British Empire]].{{sfn|Blalock|2000}} However, some Jamaicans see Morgan as a "criminal pirate" who sought to maintain the system of slavery.{{sfn|Burke|2017}}{{sfn|Burke|2018}}

Thomas describes Morgan as

<blockquote>a man of courage, determination, bravery, and&nbsp;... charisma. He was a planner, a brilliant military strategist and intensely loyal to the king, to England and to Jamaica.&nbsp;... But unlike so many of the Brethren, he was flexible and adaptable, able to see that the future for Jamaica lay not in plunder or pillage but in peaceful trade.&nbsp;... He was also an adept politician and held office longer than any of the governors of his time.{{sfn|Thomas|2014|loc=4039–4047}}</blockquote>