Editing Hegemony (section)

== Sociology ==
Academics have argued that in the [[Praxis (process)|praxis]] of hegemony, imperial dominance is established by means of [[cultural imperialism]], whereby the leader state (hegemon) dictates the internal politics and the societal character of the subordinate states that constitute the hegemonic [[sphere of influence]], either by an internal, sponsored government or by an external, installed government. The imposition of the hegemon's way of life—an imperial ''[[lingua franca]]'' and [[Bureaucracy|bureaucracies]] (social, economic, educational, governing)—transforms the concrete imperialism of direct military domination into the abstract [[Political power|power]] of the ''status quo'', indirect imperial domination.<ref>Bush, B., [https://books.google.com/books?id=kG2hAwAAQBAJ&q=%22power+imposing%22 ''Imperialism and Postcolonialism''], Routledge, 2014, p. 123.</ref> J. Brutt-Griffler, a critic of this view, has described it as "deeply condescending" and "treats people&nbsp;... as blank slates on which global capitalism's moving finger writes its message, leaving behind another cultural automaton as it moves on."<ref>Brutt-Griffler, J., in Karlfried Knapp, Barbara Seidlhofer, H. G. Widdowson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3klgGNmjVpEC&dq=impose+cultural+imperialism&pg=PA264 ''Handbook of Foreign Language Communication and Learning''], Walter de Gruyter, 2009, p. 264.</ref>

Culturally, hegemony also is established by means of [[language]], specifically the imposed ''lingua franca'' of the hegemon (leader state), which then is the official source of information for the people of the society of the sub-ordinate state. Writing on language and power, Andrea Mayr says, "As a practice of power, hegemony operates largely through language."<ref>Mayr, A., [https://books.google.com/books?id=nIjpTHCNYsUC&dq=language+hegemony&pg=PA14 ''Language and Power: An Introduction to Institutional Discourse''], A&C Black, 2008, p. 14.</ref> In contemporary society, an example of the use of language in this way is in the way Western countries set up educational systems in African countries mediated by Western languages.<ref>Clayton, T., [https://books.google.com/books?id=fKQ4csjlktIC&q=hegemony+language ''Rethinking Hegemony''], James Nicholas Publishers, 2006, pp. 202–03.</ref>

Suggested examples of cultural imperialism include the latter-stage [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]], [[French colonial empire|French]] and [[British Empire]]s, the 19th- and 20th-century [[Reich]]s of [[Unification of Germany|unified Germany]] (1871–1945),<ref>{{cite book|title=Diplomacy|url=https://archive.org/details/diplomacy00kiss|url-access=registration|last=Kissinger|first=Henry|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1994|isbn=0-671-65991-X|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/diplomacy00kiss/page/137 137–38]|quote=European coalitions were likely to arise to contain Germany's Nazis growing, potentially dominant, power|author-link=Henry Kissinger}} As well as p. 145: "Unified Germany was achieving the strength to dominate Europe all by itself—an occurrence which Great Britain had always resisted in the past when it came about by conquest".</ref> and by the end of the 20th century, the United States.<ref>
{{cite book|title=Beneath the United States: A history of U.S. policy towards Latin America|url=https://archive.org/details/beneathunitedsta00scho|url-access=registration|last=Schoultz|first=Lars|publisher=Harvard University Press.|year=1999|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780674922761}}
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