Editing Hebrew language (section)

===Modern Hebrew===
{{Main|Modern Hebrew}}
[[File:Annava165.jpg|thumb|upright=1.59|Hebrew, [[Arabic]] and English multilingual signs on an Israeli highway]]
[[File:Hebkeyboard.JPG|thumb|Dual language [[Hebrew keyboard|Hebrew]] and English keyboard]]

Standard Hebrew, as developed by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, was based on [[Mishnaic Hebrew|Mishnaic]] spelling and [[Sephardi Hebrew]] pronunciation. However, the earliest speakers of Modern Hebrew had Yiddish as their native language and often introduced [[calque]]s from Yiddish and [[phono-semantic matching]]s of international words.

Despite using Sephardic Hebrew pronunciation as its primary basis, modern Israeli Hebrew has adapted to [[Ashkenazi Hebrew]] [[phonology]] in some respects, mainly the following:

* the replacement of [[pharyngeal consonant|pharyngeal articulation]] in the letters ''chet'' (<big>{{Script/Hebrew|[[ח]]}}</big>) and ''ayin'' ({{nbsp}}<big>{{Script/Hebrew|[[ע]]}}</big>) by most Hebrew speakers with uvular [<big>{{Script/Hebrew|[[χ]]}}</big>] and glottal [<big>{{Script/Hebrew|[[ʔ]]}}</big>], respectively, by most Hebrew speakers.
* the conversion of (<big>[[Resh|{{Script/Hebrew|ר}}]]</big>) {{IPA|/r/}} from an [[alveolar flap]] {{IPA|[ɾ]}} to a [[voiced uvular fricative]] {{IPA|[ʁ]}} or [[uvular trill]] {{IPA|[ʀ]}}, by most of the speakers, like in most varieties of standard German or Yiddish. ''see [[Guttural R]]''
* the pronunciation (by many speakers) of ''[[Zeire|tzere]]'' <{{Script/Hebrew| ֵ }}> as {{IPA|[eɪ]}} in some contexts (''sifréj'' and ''téjša'' instead of Sephardic ''sifré'' and ''tésha'')
* the partial elimination of vocal ''[[Shva]]'' <{{Script/Hebrew| ְ }}> (''zmán'' instead of Sephardic ''zĕman'')<ref>{{cite book|last=Rosén|first=Haiim B.|title=A Textbook of Israeli Hebrew|year=1966|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago & London|isbn=978-0-226-72603-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/textbookofisrael0000rose/page/0 0.161]|url=https://archive.org/details/textbookofisrael0000rose/page/0}}</ref>
* in popular speech, penultimate stress in proper names (''Dvóra'' instead of ''Dĕvorá''; ''Yehúda'' instead of ''Yĕhudá'') and some other words<ref>{{cite book|last=Shisha Halevy|first=Ariel|title=The Proper Name: Structural Prolegomena to its Syntax – a Case Study in Coptic|year=1989|publisher=VWGÖ|location=Vienna|page=33|url=http://ling.huji.ac.il/Staff/Ariel_Shisha-Halevy/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721134619/http://ling.huji.ac.il/Staff/Ariel_Shisha-Halevy/|archive-date=21 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><!-- It's not a mistake—the book is about Coptic, but that note is about Hebrew and it's relevant. -->
* similarly in popular speech, penultimate stress in verb forms with a second person plural suffix (''katávtem'' "you wrote" instead of ''kĕtavtém'').{{refn|These pronunciations may have originated in learners' mistakes formed on the analogy of other suffixed forms (''katávta'', ''alénu''), rather than being examples of residual Ashkenazi influence.|group="note"}}

The vocabulary of Israeli Hebrew is much larger than that of earlier periods. According to [[Ghil'ad Zuckermann]]:

{{Blockquote|The number of attested Biblical Hebrew words is 8198, of which some 2000 are [[hapax legomenon|hapax legomena]] (the number of Biblical Hebrew roots, on which many of these words are based, is 2099). The number of attested Rabbinic Hebrew words is less than 20,000, of which (i) 7879 are Rabbinic par excellence, i.e. they did not appear in the Old Testament (the number of new Rabbinic Hebrew roots is 805); (ii) around 6000 are a subset of Biblical Hebrew; and (iii) several thousand are Aramaic words which can have a Hebrew form. Medieval Hebrew added 6421 words to (Modern) Hebrew. The approximate number of new lexical items in Israeli is 17,000 (cf. 14,762 in Even-Shoshan 1970 [...]). With the inclusion of foreign and technical terms [...], the total number of Israeli words, including words of biblical, rabbinic and medieval descent, is more than 60,000.<ref name=Zuckermann>[[Ghil'ad Zuckermann|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] (2003), [[Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew]]. [[Palgrave Macmillan]]. {{ISBN|978-1-4039-1723-2}} [http://www.palgrave.com/br/book/9781403917232] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613220549/https://www.palgrave.com/br/book/9781403917232 |date=13 June 2019 }}</ref>{{rp|64–65}}}}

In Israel, Modern Hebrew is currently taught in institutions called [[Ulpan]]im (singular: Ulpan). There are government-owned, as well as private, Ulpanim offering online courses and face-to-face programs.