Editing Haiku (section)

===Shiki===
{{Main|Masaoka Shiki}}
[[Masaoka Shiki]] (1867–1902) was a reformer and modernizer. A prolific writer, even though chronically ill during a significant part of his life, Shiki disliked the 'stereotype' of haikai writers of the 19th century who were known by the deprecatory term ''tsukinami'', meaning 'monthly', after the monthly or twice-monthly ''haikai'' gatherings of the end of the 18th century (in regard to this period of ''haikai'', it came to mean 'trite' and 'hackneyed'). Shiki also sometimes criticized Bashō.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Addis |first1=Stephen |title=The Art of Haiku |date=2022 |publisher=Shambhala Publications, Inc. |location=Boulder, Colorado, USA |isbn=978-1-64547-121-9 |pages=274–276}}</ref> Like the Japanese [[intellectual]] world in general at that time, Shiki was strongly influenced by Western culture. He favored the painterly style of Buson and particularly the European concept of ''[[En plein air|plein-air]]'' [[painting]], which he adapted to create a style of haiku as a kind of nature sketch in words, an approach called {{Nihongo3|sketching from life|写生|shasei}}. He popularized his views by verse columns and [[essay]]s in [[newspaper]]s.

Hokku up to the time of Shiki, even when appearing independently, were written in the context of renku.<ref name=sato>Hiroaki Sato. ''One Hundred Frogs'', Weatherhill, 1983, {{ISBN|0-8348-0176-0}} p.113</ref> Shiki formally separated his new style of verse from the context of collaborative poetry. Being [[Agnosticism|agnostic]],<ref>Henderson, Harold G. ''An Introduction to Haiku: An Anthology of Poems and Poets from Basho to Shiki,'' Doubleday Anchor Books, 1958, p.163</ref> he also separated it from the influence of Buddhism. Further, he discarded the term "hokku" and proposed the term ''haiku'' as an abbreviation of the phrase "''haikai no ku''" meaning a verse of ''[[haikai]]'',<ref>Earl Miner, ''Japanese Linked Poetry''. Princeton University Press, 1980. {{ISBN|0-691-01368-3}} pbk.</ref> although the term predates Shiki by some two centuries, when it was used to mean ''any'' verse of haikai.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} Since then, "haiku" has been the term usually applied in both Japanese and English to all independent haiku, irrespective of their date of composition. Shiki's revisionism dealt a severe blow to renku and surviving haikai schools. The term "hokku" is now used chiefly in its original sense of the opening verse of a renku, and rarely to distinguish haiku written before Shiki's time.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}