Editing Guild (section)

=== Early modern period ===

==== Decline thesis ====
Many historians have done research into the dwindling women's participation in guilds. Studies have provided a contradictory picture. Recent historical research is usually posed in rebuttal to Alice Clark's study on the economic marginalization of women in the 17th c., and has highlighted that domestic life did not organize women's economic activities. The research has documented women's extensive participation in market relations, craft production, and paid labor in the early modern period.<ref name="coffin" /> Clare Crowston posits that women gained more control of their own work. In the 16th and 17th centuries, rather than losing control, female linen drapers and hemp merchants established independent guilds. In the late 17th century and onward, there was evidence of growing economic opportunities for women. Seamstresses in Paris and Rouen and flower sellers in Paris acquired their own guilds in 1675. In [[Dijon]], the number of female artisans recorded in tax rolls rose substantially between the years of 1643 and 1750. In 18th c. [[Nantes]], there was a significant growth in women's access to guilds, with no restrictions on their rights.<ref name="Crowston" />

Historian Merry Wiesner attributed a decline in women's labor in south German cities from the 16th-18th centuries to both economic and cultural factors; as trades became more specialized, women's domestic responsibilities hindered them from entering the workforce. German guilds started to further regulate women's participation at this time, limiting the privileges of wives, widows, and daughters. It also forbade masters from hiring women. Crowston notes that the decline thesis has been reaffirmed in the German context by Wiesner and Ogilvie, but that it does not work in looking at the matter from a larger scope, as her expertise is in French history.<ref name="Crowston" />

==== Independent female guilds ====
There were exclusively female guilds that came out of the woodwork in the 17th century, primarily [[Paris]], [[Rouen]], and [[Cologne]]. In 1675, Parisian seamstresses requested the guild as their trade was organized and profitable enough to support incorporation.<ref name="Crowston" /> Some of the guilds in Cologne had been made up almost entirely of women since the medieval period.<ref name="pia" />