Editing Greenpeace (section)

==Climate and energy==
{{see also|climate and energy}}
[[File:Tove Ryding (Greenpeace) (4565188365).jpg|thumb|Tove Maria Ryding, in her then role as Greenpeace Climate Policy Coordinator, at the conference from Bonn to Cancun, 2010]]
[[File:Greenpeace Climate March 2015 Madrid.jpg|thumb|Greenpeace Climate March 2015 in Madrid]]
Greenpeace was one of the first parties to formulate a [[sustainable development]] scenario for [[climate change]] mitigation, which it did in 1993.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch3-ens3-1-2.html |title=IPCC, Climate Change 2007: Working Group III: Mitigation of Climate Change |publisher=Ipcc.ch |access-date=21 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119105037/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch3-ens3-1-2.html |archive-date=19 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to sociologists Marc Mormont and Christine Dasnoy, the organization played a significant role in raising public awareness of [[global warming]] in the 1990s.<ref name="mormont-and-dasnoy-1995">{{cite journal
 | last1 = Mormont
 | first1 = Marc
 | last2 = Dasnoy
 | first2 = Christine
 | title = Source strategies and the mediatization of climate change
 | date = 1 January 1995
| journal = Media, Culture & Society
 | volume = 17
 | issue = 1
 | pages = 49–64
 | doi = 10.1177/016344395017001004
 | hdl = 2268/69151
 | s2cid = 36856448
 | issn = 0163-4437
 | url = https://orbi.uliege.be/jspui/bitstream/2268/69151/1/MCSclimate.pdf
 | access-date = 10 February 2022
 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>  Greenpeace has also focused on [[Chlorofluorocarbon|CFC]]s, because of both their [[global warming potential]] and their effect on the [[ozone layer]]. It was one of the leading participants advocating early phase-out of ozone depleting substances in the [[Montreal Protocol]].<ref name="UNEP: Our Planet: Celebrating 20 Years of Montreal Protocol"/> In the early 1990s, Greenpeace developed a CFC-free refrigerator technology, "Greenfreeze" for mass production together with the refrigerator industry.<ref name="UNEP: Our Planet: Celebrating 20 Years of Montreal Protocol"/> United Nations Environment Programme awarded Greenpeace for "outstanding contributions to the protection of the Earth's ozone layer" in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ozone.unep.org/Events/4C1_PublicInfo_Awards97.shtml |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150412225008/http://ozone.unep.org/Events/4C1_PublicInfo_Awards97.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 April 2015 |title=UNEP: The 1997 Ozone Awards |publisher=Ozone.unep.org |date=16 September 1997 |access-date=21 February 2011 }}</ref> In 2011 two-fifths of the world's total production of refrigerators were based on Greenfreeze technology, with over 600 million units in use.<ref name="UNEP: Our Planet: Celebrating 20 Years of Montreal Protocol"/><ref name="greenpeace.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/news-and-blogs/campaign-blog/greenfreeze-f-gas-victory-greener-refrigerato/blog/38405/|title=Greenfreeze F-Gas Victory! Greener Refrigerators Finally Legal in the U.S.|work=Greenpeace|access-date=24 August 2014|archive-date=29 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129234921/http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/news-and-blogs/campaign-blog/greenfreeze-f-gas-victory-greener-refrigerato/blog/38405/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Currently Greenpeace considers [[global warming]] to be the greatest environmental problem facing the Earth.<ref name=who>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/about/our-mission |title=Who we are |publisher=Greenpeace |date=29 March 2007 |access-date=21 February 2011 |archive-date=21 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221004111/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/about/our-mission |url-status=live }}</ref> It calls for global [[greenhouse gas emissions]] to peak in 2015 and to decrease as close to zero as possible by 2050. To reach these numbers, Greenpeace has called for the industrialized countries to cut their emissions at least 40% by 2020 (from 1990 levels) and to give substantial funding for developing countries to build a sustainable energy capacity, to adapt to the inevitable consequences of global warming, and to stop [[deforestation]] by 2020.<ref>[http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/greenpeace-climate-vision.pdf Greenpeace Climate Vision] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611215008/http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/greenpeace-climate-vision.pdf |date=11 June 2009 }}, May 2009</ref> Together with [[EREC]], Greenpeace has formulated a global energy scenario, "Energy [R]evolution", where 80% of the world's total energy is produced with renewables, and the emissions of the energy sector are decreased by over 80% of the 1990 levels by 2050.<ref name="greenpeace1">[http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/publications/climate/2010/fullreport.pdf Energy (R)evolution, A Sustainable Global Energy Outlook, 2010, 3rd edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018225119/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/publications/climate/2010/fullreport.pdf |date=18 October 2010 }}, Greenpeace & EREC:</ref>

Using direct action, members Greenpeace have protested several times against coal by occupying coal power plants and blocking coal shipments and mining operations, in places such as New Zealand,<ref>{{cite news|title=Climate activists shut down coal mine in protest against Fonterra|date=23 November 2009|access-date=4 January 2010|publisher=Stock & Land|url=http://sl.farmonline.com.au/news/state/dairy/general/climate-activists-shut-down-coal-mine-in-protest-against-fonterra/1685027.aspx?storypage=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821224445/http://sl.farmonline.com.au/news/state/dairy/general/climate-activists-shut-down-coal-mine-in-protest-against-fonterra/1685027.aspx?storypage=1|archive-date=21 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Svalbard]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Greenpeace blocks Arctic coal mine in Svalbard|date=2 October 2009|access-date=4 January 2010|publisher=Thomson Reuters|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKL222480620091002|first=Wojciech|last=Moskwa|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930215106/https://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKL222480620091002|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Australia]],<ref>{{cite news| title=BHP Coal Berth Blocked by Greenpeace Ship as Protest Continues|date=6 August 2009 |access-date=4 January 2010| publisher=Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601081&sid=agG5tRhlvbRM}}</ref> and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/sep/11/activists.kingsnorthclimatecamp|title=Not guilty: the Greenpeace activists who used climate change as a legal defence|last1=Vidal|first1=John|date=10 September 2008|work=The Guardian|access-date=15 January 2020 |language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201194228/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/sep/11/activists.kingsnorthclimatecamp|url-status=live}}</ref> Greenpeace is also critical of extracting petroleum from [[oil sands]] and has used direct action to block operations at the [[Athabasca oil sands]] in [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite news| title=Greenpeace activists block giant tar sands mining operation – Message to Obama and Harper: Climate leaders don't buy tar sands| date=15 November 2009| access-date=4 January 2010| publisher=CNW Group| url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/September2009/15/c5380.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728100711/http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/September2009/15/c5380.html| archive-date=28 July 2011| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Greenpeace blocks 2nd Canada oil sands operation| date=1 October 2009| access-date=4 January 2010| publisher=Thomson Reuters| url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE58T4ZB20091001| archive-date=30 September 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930223558/https://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE58T4ZB20091001| url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Green Planet Energy ===
In 1999 Greenpeace Germany (NGO) founded Greenpeace Energy, a renewable electricity cooperative that supplied customers with [[fossil gas]] starting from 2011. After a 2021 media outcry about an entity associated with Greenpeace selling fossil fuel which has been described as [[greenwashing]],<ref name=":0" /> the cooperative changed its name to [[Green Planet Energy]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rasch|first=Christoph|date=16 September 2021|title=Namensänderung: Greenpeace Energy heißt von heute an Green Planet Energy|url=https://green-planet-energy.de/blog/informieren/unternehmens-news/namensaenderung-greenpeace-energy-heisst-seit-heute-green-planet-energy/|access-date=3 December 2021|website=energy. Der Newsblog von Green Planet Energy|language=de-DE|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203154412/https://green-planet-energy.de/blog/informieren/unternehmens-news/namensaenderung-greenpeace-energy-heisst-seit-heute-green-planet-energy/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Greenpeace Germany NGO retains one share in the cooperative, which has been criticized for "greenwashing" Russian gas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=This is how Greenpeace Energy works, the renewables cooperative in Germany that also sells natural gas|url=https://www.en24news.com/e/2021/02/this-is-how-greenpeace-energy-works-the-renewables-cooperative-in-germany-that-also-sells-natural-gas.html|access-date=10 February 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=23 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223194502/https://www.en24news.com/e/2021/02/this-is-how-greenpeace-energy-works-the-renewables-cooperative-in-germany-that-also-sells-natural-gas.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Main|Green Planet Energy}}

===Kingsnorth court case===
In October 2007, six Greenpeace protesters were arrested for breaking into the [[Kingsnorth power station]] in [[Kent]], England; climbing the {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=off|adj=on}} smokestack, painting the name Gordon on the chimney (in reference to former UK Prime Minister, [[Gordon Brown]]), and causing an estimated £30,000 damage. At their subsequent trial they admitted trying to shut the station down, but argued that they were legally justified because they were trying to prevent climate change from causing [[Risk perception|greater damage]] to property elsewhere around the world. Evidence was heard from [[David Cameron]]'s environment adviser [[Zac Goldsmith]], climate scientist [[James E. Hansen]] and an [[Inuit|Inuk]] leader from Greenland, all saying that climate change was already seriously affecting life around the world. The six activists were [[acquitted]]. It was the first case where preventing property damage caused by climate change has been used as part of a "[[lawful excuse]]" defense in court.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/sep/10/activists.carbonemissions|title=Kingsnorth trial: Coal protesters cleared of criminal damage to chimney|date=6 October 2008|access-date=4 January 2010|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|first=John|last=Vidal|archive-date=25 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225062148/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/sep/10/activists.carbonemissions|url-status=live}}</ref> Both ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' and ''[[The Guardian]]'' described the acquittal as an embarrassment to the [[Brown Ministry]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Greenpeace Kingsnorth trial collapse is embarrassing for Gordon Brown|date=11 September 2008|access-date=4 January 2010|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthcomment/charlesclover/3351572/Greenpeace-Kingsnorth-trial-collapse-is-embarrassing-for-Gordon-Brown.html|location=London|first=Charles|last=Clover|archive-date=8 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108223618/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthcomment/charlesclover/3351572/Greenpeace-Kingsnorth-trial-collapse-is-embarrassing-for-Gordon-Brown.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Not guilty: the Greenpeace activists who used climate change as a legal defense|date=11 September 2008|access-date=4 January 2010|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/sep/11/activists.kingsnorthclimatecamp|location=London|first=John|last=Vidal|archive-date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201194228/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/sep/11/activists.kingsnorthclimatecamp|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2008 ''[[The New York Times]]'' listed the acquittal in its annual list of the most influential ideas of the year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/14/magazine/14Ideas-Section2-A-t-004.html?_r=1|title=8th annual year in ideas – Climate-Change Defense|work=The New York Times|first=Jonathan|last=Mingle|date=14 December 2008|access-date=2 April 2010|archive-date=2 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802130325/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/14/magazine/14Ideas-Section2-A-t-004.html?_r=1|url-status=live}}</ref>

==="Go Beyond Oil"===

As part of their stance on [[renewable energy commercialisation]], Greenpeace have launched the "Go Beyond Oil" campaign.<ref name="GoBeyondOil">{{cite web |url=http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/oil |title=Go beyond oil |publisher=Greenpeace.org.uk |access-date=6 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103152843/http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/oil |archive-date=3 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The campaign is focused on slowing, and eventually ending, the world's consumption of oil; with activist activities taking place against companies that pursue oil drilling as a venture. Much of the activities of the "Go Beyond Oil" campaign have been focused on drilling for oil in the Arctic and areas affected by the ''[[Deepwater Horizon]]'' disaster. The activities of Greenpeace in the Arctic have mainly involved the Edinburgh-based oil and gas exploration company, [[Cairn Energy]]; and range from protests at the Cairn Energy's headquarters<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/blog/climate/paula-bear-wheres-your-spill-response-plan-cairn-20110526 |title=Paula Bear: Where's your spill response plan, Cairn? |publisher=Greenpeace.org.uk |date=29 May 2011 |access-date=6 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529153618/http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/blog/climate/paula-bear-wheres-your-spill-response-plan-cairn-20110526 |archive-date=29 May 2011}}</ref> to scaling their oil rigs in an attempt to halt the drilling process.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/blog/climate/update-arctic-pod-48-hours-and-going-strong-20110531 |title=Update from the Arctic pod: 48 hours and going strong! &#124; Greenpeace UK |publisher=Greenpeace.org.uk |access-date=6 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609045410/http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/blog/climate/update-arctic-pod-48-hours-and-going-strong-20110531 |archive-date=9 June 2011}}</ref>

The "Go Beyond Oil" campaign also involves applying political pressure on the governments who allow [[oil exploration]] in their territories; with the group stating that one of the key aims of the "Go Beyond Oil" campaign is to "work to expose the lengths the oil industry is willing to go to squeeze the last barrels out of the ground and put pressure on industry and governments to move beyond oil."<ref name = "GoBeyondOil" />

===Nuclear power===
{{Anti-nuclear movement sidebar}}
Greenpeace is opposed to [[nuclear power]] because it views it as "dangerous, polluting, expensive and non-renewable". The organization highlights the [[Chernobyl disaster|Chernobyl nuclear disaster of 1986]] and [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster|Fukushima nuclear disaster of 2011]] as evidence of the risk nuclear power can pose to people's lives, the environment and the economy.<ref>[http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/climate-change/Solutions/Reject-false-solutions/No-to-nuclear/ Nuclear power is part of the problem] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205181849/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/climate-change/Solutions/Reject-false-solutions/No-to-nuclear/ |date=5 February 2017 }}. Greenpeace. Published 1 July 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2017.</ref> Greenpeace views the benefits of nuclear power to be relatively minor in comparison to its major problems and risks, such as environmental damage and risks from [[uranium mining]], nuclear weapons proliferation, and unresolved questions concerning [[nuclear waste]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/nuclear/problems |title=Nuclear Problems |publisher=Greenpeace.org.uk |access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-date=20 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620200301/http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/nuclear/problems |url-status=live }}</ref>

The organization argues that the potential of nuclear power to [[Mitigation of global warming|mitigate global warming]] is marginal, referring to the [[International Energy Agency|IEA]] energy scenario where an increase in world's nuclear capacity from 2608&nbsp;TWh in 2007 to 9857&nbsp;TWh by 2050 would cut global greenhouse gas emissions less than 5% and require 32 nuclear reactor units of 1000&nbsp;MW capacity built per year until 2050. According to Greenpeace, the slow construction times, construction delays, and hidden costs all negate nuclear power's mitigation potential. This makes the IEA scenario technically and financially unrealistic. They also argue that binding massive amounts of investments on nuclear energy would take funding away from more effective solutions.<ref name="greenpeace1"/> Greenpeace views the construction of [[European Pressurized Reactor#Olkiluoto 3 pilot power plant|Olkiluoto 3]] nuclear power plant in [[Finland]] as an example of the problems on building new nuclear power.<ref name="waste of time">{{cite web |url=http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/nuclear-power-a-dangerous-was.pdf |title=Greenpeace International: 'Nuclear Power: a dangerous waste of time' |access-date=21 February 2011 |archive-date=15 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215124620/http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/nuclear-power-a-dangerous-was.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2022, Greenpeace threatened to sue the European Union after it proposed to categorize nuclear power as a "green" technology that helps countries reduce {{CO2}} emissions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Abnett |first=Kate |date=2023-02-09 |title=Greenpeace to sue EU over 'green' label for gas and nuclear |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/greenpeace-sue-eu-over-green-label-gas-nuclear-2023-02-09/}}</ref>

Greenpeace celebrated the phaseout of nuclear power in Germany in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Greenpeace celebrates end of Germany's nuclear era with T.Rex dinosaur |url=https://www.euronews.com/video/2023/04/15/greenpeace-celebrates-end-of-germanys-nuclear-era-with-trex-dinosaur |website=euronews |format=Video|date=15 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref> At the time, Germany was experiencing an energy crisis and relying heavily on coal and gas for power generation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-16 |title=Climate activists in Germany rejoice at wind-down of nuclear plants |url=https://www.euronews.com/2023/04/16/climate-activists-in-germany-rejoice-at-wind-down-of-the-last-nuclear-plants |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kappeler |first=Laura Paddison Nadine Schmidt Inke |date=2023-04-15 |title='A new era': Germany quits nuclear power, closing its final three plants |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/15/europe/germany-nuclear-phase-out-climate-intl/index.html |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

====Anti-nuclear advertisement====
In 1994, Greenpeace published an anti-nuclear newspaper advert which included a claim that nuclear facilities in [[Sellafield]] would kill 2,000 people in the next 10 years, and an image of a [[hydrocephalus]]-affected child said to be a victim of [[Semipalatinsk Test Site|nuclear weapons testing in Kazakhstan]]. [[Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)|Advertising Standards Authority]] viewed the claim concerning Sellafield as unsubstantiated, lacking any scientific base. This resulted in the banning of the advert. Greenpeace did not admit fault, stating that a Kazakhstan doctor had said that the child's condition was due to nuclear testing even though no nuclear weapons testing is performed in Sellafield.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/greenpeace-accused-of-telling-lies-in-advert-watchdog-bans-antinuclear-image-1447196.html |title=Greenpeace accused of telling lies in advert |newspaper=The Independent |date=7 September 1994 |access-date=13 December 2009 |location=London |first=Rhys |last=Williams |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925161915/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/greenpeace-accused-of-telling-lies-in-advert-watchdog-bans-antinuclear-image-1447196.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====EDF spying conviction and appeal====
In 2011, a French court fined [[Électricité de France]] (EDF) €1.5m and jailed two senior employees for spying on Greenpeace, including hacking into Greenpeace's computer systems. Greenpeace was awarded €500,000 in damages.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15683090 |title=EDF fined for spying on Greenpeace nuclear campaign |first=Richard |last=Black |work=BBC |date=10 November 2011 |access-date=11 November 2011 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128194211/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15683090 |url-status=live }}</ref> Although EDF claimed that a security firm had only been employed to monitor Greenpeace, the court disagreed, jailing the head and deputy head of EDF's nuclear security operation for three years each. EDF appealed the conviction, the company was cleared of conspiracy to spy on Greenpeace and the fine was cancelled.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/net-us-france-edf-hacking-idUSBRE9150YH20130206 |title=French court throws out EDF guilty verdict in hacking case |agency=Reuters |work=Reuters |date=6 November 2013 |access-date=27 August 2013 |archive-date=15 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015231129/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/06/net-us-france-edf-hacking-idUSBRE9150YH20130206 |url-status=live }}</ref> Two employees of the security firm, Kargus, run by a former member of France's secret services, received sentences of three and two years respectively.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/nov/10/edf-spying-greenpeace |title=EDF fined €1.5m for spying on Greenpeace |first=Hanna |last=Gersmann |newspaper=The Guardian |date=10 November 2011 |access-date=11 November 2011 |location=London |archive-date=23 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223194429/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/nov/10/edf-spying-greenpeace |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Ozone layer and Greenfreeze===
[[File:Greenfreeze.jpg|thumb|Peter Melchett, right, (then ED of Greenpeace UK) with Malcolm Walker, (Chairman Iceland Frozen Foods) and a Greenfreeze fridge, 1998]]
The [[ozone layer]] surrounding the Earth absorbs significant amounts of [[ultraviolet radiation]]. A 1976 report by the US Academy of Sciences supported the ozone "depletion hypothesis".<ref>{{cite book |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |date=1976 |title=Halocarbons, effects on stratospheric ozone |location= Washington, DC. |isbn=9780309025324 |url= https://archive.org/details/halocarbonseffec00nati |url-access=registration |quote=Halocarbons: Effects on Stratospheric Ozone. }}</ref> Its suffering large losses from chlorinated and nitrogenous compounds was reported in 1985.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Farman |first1=J. C. |last2=Gardiner |first2=B. G. |last3=Shanklin |first3=J. D. |title=Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClOx/NOx interaction |journal=Nature |date=May 1985 |volume=315 |issue=6016 |pages=207–210 |doi=10.1038/315207a0 |bibcode=1985Natur.315..207F |s2cid=4346468 |issn=0028-0836 }}</ref> Earlier studies had led some countries to enact bans on aerosol sprays, so that the Vienna Convention was signed in 1985<ref>[http://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=XXVII-2&amp;chapter=27&amp;lang=en Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910014814/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-2&chapter=27&lang=en |date=10 September 2011 }}.</ref> the [[Montreal Protocol]] was signed in 1987 to go in force two years later.<ref>Morrisette, Peter M. (1989). [http://www.ciesin.org/docs/003-006/003-006.html "The Evolution of Policy Responses to Stratospheric Ozone Depletion"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608092617/http://ciesin.org/docs/003-006/003-006.html |date=8 June 2009 }}. Natural Resources Journal. 29: 793–820. Accessed 10 October 2016.</ref> The use of CFCs and HCFCs in refrigeration were and are among the banned technologies.

A German technological institute developed an ozone-safe hydrocarbon alternative refrigerant that came to a Greenpeace campaigner's attention around 1992.<ref>[http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/Blogs/makingwaves/happy-birthday-greenfreeze/blog/44473/ "Happy Birthday Greenfreeze"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025032815/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/Blogs/makingwaves/happy-birthday-greenfreeze/blog/44473/ |date=25 October 2016 }}, 2013.</ref><ref>Stafford, et al, 2002, [http://www.greenpeace.org/greece/Global/greece/report/2011/greenfreeze/6_Greenfreeze_story_2004_en.pdf "Forces Driving Environmental Innovation..."]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010215153/http://www.greenpeace.org/greece/Global/greece/report/2011/greenfreeze/6_Greenfreeze_story_2004_en.pdf |date=10 October 2016 }}</ref> The rights to the technology were donated to Greenpeace, which maintained it as an [[open source]] patent. The technology was subsequently used in Germany, then China, elsewhere in Europe, and after some years in Japan and South America, and finally in the US by 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Back from the brink: how the world rapidly sealed a deal to save the ozone layer |url=https://rapidtransition.org/stories/back-from-the-brink-how-the-world-rapidly-sealed-a-deal-to-save-the-ozone-layer/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=rapidtransition.org |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Action against new oil licences in the UK===

In August 2023, Greenpeace highlighted the grant of new oil exploration licences in the United Kingdom, in an action in [[Yorkshire]] where they covered the facade of the home of the Prime Minister [[Rishi Sunak]], in black fabric.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Allegretti |first1=Aubrey |title=Defra Ordered to Cut Greenpeace Ties after Sunak Roof Protest |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/aug/04/greenpeace-activists-who-scaled-rishi-sunak-home-freed-on-bail |work=The Guardian |date=4 August 2023}}</ref>