Editing Gliwice (section)

====Jews in Gliwice====
Gliwice's Jewish population reached its height in 1929 at approximately 2,200 people, but started to decline in the late 1930s, as the [[Nazi Party]] gained power in [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], of which Gliwice was then a part. In 1933, there were 1,803 Jews living in the city; this number had dropped by half (to 902) by 1939 due to emigration.<ref name="Jewish Community in Gliwice">{{cite web |title=Jewish Community in Gliwice |url=https://www.yerusha-search.eu/viewer/metadata/UOW-0359/1/ |website=-: Jewish Community in Gliwice, -: - -. |access-date=26 September 2023 |language=de |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926113342/https://www.yerusha-search.eu/viewer/metadata/UOW-0359/1/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Between 1933 and 1937, Jews living in Upper Silesia enjoyed somewhat less [[Nuremberg Laws|legal persecution]] compared to Jews in other parts of Germany, thanks to the Polish-German Treaty of Protection of Minorities' Rights in Upper Silesia. This regional exception was granted thanks to the [[Bernheim petition]] that Gliwice citizen Franz Bernheim filed against [[Nazi Germany]] with the [[League of Nations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/bernheim-petition|title=Bernheim Petition|website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org|access-date=2018-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008022818/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/bernheim-petition|archive-date=2018-10-08|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Brugel|first=J.W.|date=July 1983|title=The Bernheim petition: A challenge to Nazi Germany in 1933|journal=Patterns of Prejudice|volume=17|issue=3|pages=17–25|doi=10.1080/0031322x.1983.9969715|issn=0031-322X}}</ref> The [[New Synagogue, Gliwice|New Synagogue]] was destroyed in 1938 during the Nazi November pogroms known as [[Kristallnacht]]. During [[the Holocaust]], Jews from Gliwice were transported to [[Auschwitz-Birkenau]] in 1942 and 1943.<ref name="Jewish Community in Gliwice"/>

Only 25 Jews from Gliwice's pre-war Jewish population survived World War II in the city, all of them being in mixed marriages with gentiles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sztetl.org.pl/pl/miejscowosci/g/76-gliwice/99-historia-spolecznosci/137296-historia-spolecznosci#footnote81_j8us6rp|title=Historia społeczności {{!}} Wirtualny Sztetl|website=sztetl.org.pl|language=pl|access-date=2018-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904230916/https://sztetl.org.pl/pl/miejscowosci/g/76-gliwice/99-historia-spolecznosci/137296-historia-spolecznosci#footnote81_j8us6rp|archive-date=2019-09-04|url-status=live}}</ref> Immediately after the war, Gliwice became a congregation point for Jews who had survived [[the Holocaust]], with the Jewish population standing at around a 1,000 people in 1945. Since then, the number of Jews in Gliwice has declined as survivors moved to larger cities or emigrated to [[Israel]], the [[United States]], and other western countries.<ref name=":2" /> Currently, Gliwice's Jewish community is estimated at around 25 people and is part of the Katowice Jewish Religious Community.

Gliwice has one [[:pl:Synagoga w Gliwicach|Jewish prayer house]], where religious services are held every [[Sabbath]] and on holidays. It is located in the house that the Jewish Religious Community elected in 1905.

Notable members of the Jewish community in Gliwice include:
* [[Wilhelm Freund]] (1806–1894), philologist and director of the Jewish school.
* [[Oscar Troplowitz]] (1863–1918), German pharmacist, owner of [[Beiersdorf|Beiersdorf AG]] and inventor of [[Nivea|Nivea skin cream]].
* [[Eugen Goldstein]] (1850–1930), German physicist, discoverer of anode rays, sometimes credited for the discovery of the proton.
* [[Julian Kornhauser]] (b. 1946), Polish poet and father of current [[First Lady of Poland|first lady]] [[Agata Kornhauser-Duda]], born in Gliwice to a Jewish father and Polish Silesian mother from [[Chorzów]].