Editing Giant panda (section)

==Behavior==
The giant panda is a [[terrestrial animal]] and primarily spends its life roaming and feeding in the bamboo forests of the [[Qin Mountains|Qinling Mountains]] and in the hilly province of [[Sichuan]].<ref name="WWF">{{cite web |url=http://www.wwfchina.org/english/pandacentral/htm/learn_about_giant_panda/panda_q_a/panda_behavior_habitat.htm |title=Panda behavior & habitat |publisher=World Wildlife Federation China |access-date=16 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607110445/http://www.wwfchina.org/english/pandacentral/htm/learn_about_giant_panda/panda_q_a/panda_behavior_habitat.htm |archive-date=7 June 2008 }}</ref> Giant pandas are generally solitary.<ref name=si/> Each adult has a defined territory and a female is not tolerant of other females in her range. Social encounters occur primarily during the brief breeding season in which pandas in proximity to one another will gather.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/GiantPandas/PandaFacts/default.cfm|title=Giant Panda |publisher=National Zoological Park|access-date=17 July 2008|archive-date=17 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080717035422/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/GiantPandas/PandaFacts/default.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref> After mating, the male leaves the female alone to raise the cub.<ref name="Dudley 9" /> Pandas were thought to fall into the [[crepuscular]] category, those who are active twice a day, at dawn and dusk; however, pandas may belong to a category all of their own, with activity peaks in the morning, afternoon and midnight. The low nutrition quality of bamboo means pandas need to eat more frequently, and due to their lack of major predators they can be active at any time of the day.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Jindong |last2=Hull |first2=Vanessa |last3=Huang |first3=Jinyan |last4=Zhou |first4=Shiqiang |last5=Xu |first5=Weihua |last6=Yang |first6=Hongbo |last7=McConnell |first7=William J. |last8=Li |first8=Rengui |last9=Liu |first9=Dian |last10=Huang |first10=Yan |last11=Ouyang |first11=Zhiyun |last12=Zhang |first12=Hemin |last13=Liu |first13=Jianguo |date=2015-11-24 |title=Activity patterns of the giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca ) |url=https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jmammal/gyv118 |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |language=en |volume=96 |issue=6 |pages=1116–1127 |doi=10.1093/jmammal/gyv118 |issn=0022-2372}}</ref> Activity is highest in June and decreases in late summer to autumn with an increase from November through the following March.<ref name="Zhang">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Jindong |last2=Hull |first2=Vanessa |last3=Huang |first3=Jinyang |last4=Zhou |first4=Shiqiang |title=Activity patterns of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |date=24 November 2015 |volume=96 |issue=6 |pages=1116–1127 |doi=10.1093/jmammal/gyv118 |url=https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article/96/6/1116/1167424 |access-date=8 March 2020 |doi-access=free |archive-date=29 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329222657/https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article/96/6/1116/1167424 |url-status=live }}</ref> Activity is also directly related to the amount of sunlight during colder days.<ref name="Zhang" /> There is a significant interaction of solar radiation, such that solar radiation has a stronger positive effect on activity levels of panda bears.<ref name="Zhang" />

Pandas communicate through vocalisation and scent marking such as clawing trees or [[spraying (animal behavior)|spraying urine]].<ref name=wwf1/> They are able to climb and take shelter in hollow trees or rock crevices, but do not establish permanent dens. For this reason, pandas do not [[hibernation|hibernate]], which is similar to other subtropical mammals, and will instead move to elevations with warmer temperatures.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bi |first1=Wenlei |last2=Hou |first2=Rong |last3=Owens |first3=Jacob R. |last4=Spotila |first4=James R. |last5=Valitutto |first5=Marc |last6=Yin |first6=Guan |last7=Paladino |first7=Frank V. |last8=Wu |first8=Fanqi |last9=Qi |first9=Dunwu |last10=Zhang |first10=Zhihe |date=2021-11-17 |title=Field metabolic rates of giant pandas reveal energetic adaptations |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=22391 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-01872-5 |pmid=34789821 |pmc=8599739 |bibcode=2021NatSR..1122391B |issn=2045-2322}}</ref> Pandas rely primarily on [[spatial memory]] rather than [[visual memory]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/jan04/pandas.html |title=Understanding the giant panda |author=Deborah Smith Bailey |volume=35 |issue=1 |date=January 2004 |publisher=American Psychological Association |access-date=17 June 2008 |archive-date=14 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614044017/http://www.apa.org/monitor/jan04/pandas.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Though the panda is often assumed to be docile, it has been known to attack humans on rare occasions.<ref name=attack>{{cite news|title=Teenager hospitalized after panda attack in Chinese zoo|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,304249,00.html|publisher=Fox News/Associated Press|date=23 October 2007|access-date=29 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609063304/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,304249,00.html |archive-date=9 June 2009}}</ref><ref name=attack2>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7743748.stm |title=Panda attacks man in Chinese zoo |work=BBC News |date=22 November 2008 |access-date=3 September 2009 |archive-date=27 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627203825/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7743748.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=attack3>{{cite news|title=Giant panda in China bites third victim |publisher=CNN News |date=10 January 2009 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/01/09/panda.attack/index.html |access-date=10 January 2009 |archive-date=18 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118015131/http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/01/09/panda.attack/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Pandas have been known to cover themselves in horse manure to protect themselves against cold temperatures.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Wenliang |last2=Yang |first2=Shilong |last3=Li |first3=Bowen |last4=Nie |first4=Yonggang |last5=Luo |first5=Anna |last6=Huang |first6=Guangping |last7=Liu |first7=Xuefeng |last8=Lai |first8=Ren |last9=Wei |first9=Fuwen |date=2 December 2020 |title=Why wild giant pandas frequently roll in horse manure |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=117 |issue=51 |pages=32493–32498 |language=en |doi=10.1073/pnas.2004640117 |issn=0027-8424 |pmid=33288697 |pmc=7768701 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11732493Z |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The species communicates foremost through a blatting sound; they achieve peaceful interactions through the emission of this sound. When in oestrus, a female emits a chirp. In hostile confrontations or during fights, the giant panda emits vocalizations such as a roar or growl. On the other hand, squeals typically indicate inferiority and submission in a dispute. Other vocalizations include honks and moans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Charlton |first1=Benjamin D. |last2=Martin-Wintle |first2=Meghan S. |last3=Owen |first3=Megan A. |last4=Zhang |first4=Hemin |last5=Swaisgood |first5=Ronald R. |date=October 2018 |title=Vocal behaviour predicts mating success in giant pandas |journal=Royal Society Open Science |language=en |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=181323 |doi=10.1098/rsos.181323 |issn=2054-5703 |pmc=6227945 |pmid=30473861}}</ref>

=== Olfactory communication ===
Giant pandas heavily rely on [[Olfactic communication|olfactory communication]] to communicate with one another. [[Scent marking|Scent marks]] are used to spread these chemical cues and are placed on landmarks like rocks or trees.<ref name="Hagey-2003">{{Cite journal |last1=Hagey |first1=Lee |last2=MacDonald |first2=Edith |date=2003 |title=Chemical cues identify gender and individuality in giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) |journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=1479–1488 |doi=10.1023/A:1024225806263 |pmid=12918929 |s2cid=22335820 |via=SpringerLink}}</ref> Chemical communication in giant pandas plays many roles in their social situations. Scent marks and odors are used to spread information about sexual status, whether a female is in [[Estrous cycle|estrus]] or not, age, gender, individuality, dominance over territory, and choice of settlement.<ref name="Hagey-2003" /> Giant pandas communicate by excreting volatile compounds, or scent marks, through the anogenital gland.<ref name="Hagey-2003" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhu |first1=Jiao |last2=Arena |first2=Simona |last3=Spinelli |first3=Silvia |last4=Liu |first4=Dingzhen |last5=Zhang |first5=Guiquan |last6=Wei |first6=Rongping |last7=Cambillau |first7=Christian |last8=Scaloni |first8=Andrea |last9=Wang |first9=Guirong |last10=Pelosi |first10=Paolo |date=2017-11-14 |title=Reverse chemical ecology: Olfactory proteins from the giant panda and their interactions with putative pheromones and bamboo volatiles |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=114 |issue=46 |pages=E9802–E9810 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1711437114 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=5699065 |pmid=29078359|bibcode=2017PNAS..114E9802Z |doi-access=free }}</ref> Giant pandas have unique positions in which they will scent mark. Males deposit scent marks or urine by lifting their hind leg, [[scent rubbing|rubbing]] their backside, or standing in order to rub the anogenital gland onto a landmark. Females, however, exercise squatting or simply rubbing their genitals onto a landmark.<ref name="Hagey-2003" /><ref name="White-2002">{{Cite journal |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |jstor=4602087 |language=en|title=The Highs and Lows of Chemical Communication in Giant Pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca): Effect of Scent Deposition Height on Signal Discrimination |last1=White |first1=Angela M. |last2=Swaisgood |first2=Ronald R. |last3=Zhang |first3=Hemin |year=2002 |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=519–529 |doi=10.1007/s00265-002-0473-3 |s2cid=42122274 }}</ref>

The season plays a major role in mediating chemical communication.<ref name="White-2004" /> Depending on the season, mainly whether it is breeding season or not, may influence which odors are prioritized. Chemical signals can have different functions in different seasons. During the non-breeding season, females prefer the odors of other females because reproduction is not their primary motivation. However, during breeding season, odors from the opposite sex will be more attractive.<ref name="White-2004" /><ref name="Wilson-2020" /> Because they are solitary mammals and their breeding season is so brief, female pandas secrete chemical cues in order to let males know their sexual status.<ref name="Wilson-2020" /> The chemical cues female pandas secrete can be considered to be [[pheromone]]s for sexual reproduction.<ref name="Wilson-2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=A.E. |last2=Sparks |first2=D.L. |last3=Knott |first3=K.K. |last4=Willard |first4=S. |last5=Brown |first5=A. |date=2020 |title=Simultaneous choice bioassays accompanied by physiological changes identify civetone and decanoic acid as pheromone candidates for giant pandas |journal=Zoo Biology |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=176–185 |doi=10.1002/zoo.21532 |pmid=31919913 |s2cid=210133833}}</ref> Females deposit scent marks through their urine which induces an increase in [[androgen]] levels in males.<ref name="Wilson-2020" /> Androgen is a sex hormone found in both males and females; [[testosterone]] is the major androgen produced by males. [[Civetone]] and [[decanoic acid]] are chemicals found in female urine which promote behavioral responses in males; both chemicals are considered giant panda pheromones.<ref name="Wilson-2020" /> Male pandas also secrete chemical signals that include information about their sexual reproductivity and age, which is beneficial for a female when choosing a mate.<ref name="Hagey-2003"/><ref name="White-2004"/> For example, age can be useful for a female to determine sexual maturity and sperm quality.<ref name="Swaisgood-2019">{{cite book |last1=Swaisgood |first1=Ronald R. |chapter=7. Chemical Communication in Giant Pandas |date=2019-12-31 |title=Giant Pandas |pages=106–120 |publisher=University of California Press |last2=Lindburg |first2=Donald |last3=White |first3=Angela M. |last4=Zhang |first4=Hemin |last5=Zhou |first5=Xiaoping |doi=10.1525/9780520930162-015 |isbn=978-0-520-93016-2 |s2cid=226766316}}</ref> Pandas are also able to determine when the signal was placed, further aiding in the quest to find a potential mate.<ref name="Swaisgood-2019" /> However, chemical cues are not just used for communication between males and females, pandas can determine individuality from chemical signals. This allows them to be able to differentiate between a potential partner or someone of the same sex, which could be a potential competitor.<ref name="Swaisgood-2019"/>

Chemical cues, or odors, play an important role in how a panda chooses their habitat. Pandas look for odors that tell them not only the identity of another panda, but if they should avoid them or not.<ref name="Swaisgood-2019"/> Pandas tend to avoid their species for most of the year, breeding season being the brief time of major interaction.<ref name="Swaisgood-2019"/> Chemical signaling allows for avoidance and [[Competition (biology)|competition]].<ref name="White-2002"/><ref name="White-2004">{{Cite journal |last1=White |first1=A.M. |last2=Swaisgood |first2=R.R. |last3=Zhang |first3=H. |date=2004 |title=Urinary chemosignals in giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca): Seasonal and developmental effects on signal discrimination |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=264 |issue=3 |pages=231–238|doi=10.1017/S095283690400562X}}</ref> Pandas whose habitats are in similar locations will collectively leave scent marks in a unique location which is termed "scent stations".<ref name="Swaisgood-2019" /> When pandas come across these scent stations, they are able to identify a specific panda and the scope of their habitat. This allows pandas to be able to pursue a potential mate or avoid a potential competitor.<ref name="Swaisgood-2019"/>

Pandas can assess an individual's dominance status, including their age and size, via odor cues and may choose to avoid a scent mark if the signaler's competitive ability outweighs their own.<ref name="White-2002"/> A panda's size can be conveyed through the height of the scent mark.<ref name="White-2002"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nie |first1=Yonggang |last2=Swaisgood |first2=Ronald R. |last3=Zhang |first3=Zejun |last4=Hu |first4=Yibo |last5=Ma |first5=Yisheng |last6=Wei |first6=Fuwen |date=2012 |title=Giant panda scent-marking strategies in the wild: role of season, sex and marking surface |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=39–44 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.03.026 |s2cid=53256022 |issn=0003-3472}}</ref> Since larger animals can place higher scent marks, an elevated scent mark advertises a higher competitive ability. Age must also be taken into consideration when assessing a competitor's fighting ability. For example, a mature panda will be larger than a younger, immature panda and possess an advantage during a fight.<ref name="White-2002"/>

===Reproduction===
[[File:Chengdu-pandas-d18.jpg|thumb|A giant panda cub]]
Giant pandas reach sexual maturity between the ages of four and eight, and may be reproductive until age 20.<ref>{{cite web |title=Giant Panda Reproduction |work=National Zoological Park| url=http://newsdesk.si.edu/kits/pandas/nzp_panda_reproduction.pdf |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527204441/http://newsdesk.si.edu/kits/pandas/nzp_panda_reproduction.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2008}}</ref> The mating season is between March and May, when a female goes into [[estrus]], which lasts for two or three days and only occurs once a year.<ref name=reproduction>{{cite web |url=http://www.4panda.com/panda/pandatips/reproduction.htm |title=Giant Panda Reproduction |access-date=14 April 2008 |last=Kleiman |first=Devra G |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807161537/http://www.4panda.com/panda/pandatips/reproduction.htm |archive-date=7 August 2008}}</ref> When mating, the female is in a crouching, head-down position as the male mounts her from behind. [[copulation (zoology)|Copulation]] time ranges from 30 seconds to five minutes, but the male may mount her repeatedly to ensure successful fertilisation. The [[gestation]] period is somewhere between 95 and 160 days - the variability is due to the fact that the fertilized egg may linger in the reproductive system for a while before implanting on the uterine wall.<ref name=reproduction/> Giant pandas give birth to twins in about half of pregnancies.<ref name=Ruane23Aug>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/giant-panda-preparing-to-give-birth-national-zoo-says/2015/08/22/bba0fd2c-4804-11e5-8ab4-c73967a143d3_story.html |title=National Zoo's giant panda Mei Xiang gives birth to two cubs hours apart |first1=Michael E. |last1=Ruane |first2=Elizabeth |last2=Koh |first3=Martin |last3=Weil |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=23 August 2015 |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-date=24 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824004041/http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/giant-panda-preparing-to-give-birth-national-zoo-says/2015/08/22/bba0fd2c-4804-11e5-8ab4-c73967a143d3_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> If twins are born, usually only one survives in the wild. The mother will select the stronger of the cubs, and the weaker cub will die due to starvation. The mother is thought to be unable to produce enough milk for two cubs since she does not store fat.<ref name="Panda Facts">{{cite web |url=http://www.pandasinternational.org/wptemp/education-2/panda-facts/|title=Panda Facts|publisher=Pandas International|access-date=26 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924063658/http://www.pandasinternational.org/wptemp/education-2/panda-facts/ |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> The father has no part in helping raise the cub.<ref name="Dudley 9" />

When the cub is first born, it is pink, blind, and toothless,<ref name="Dudley 9" /> weighing only {{cvt|90|to|130|g}}, or about {{sfrac|1|800}} of the mother's weight,<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica Online"/> proportionally the smallest baby of any placental mammal.<ref>''Guinness World Records 2013'', Page 050, hardcover edition. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-87-9}}</ref> It nurses from its mother's breast six to 14 times a day for up to 30 minutes at a time. For three to four hours, the mother may leave the den to feed, which leaves the cub defenseless. One to two weeks after birth, the cub's skin turns grey where its hair will eventually become black. Slight pink colour may appear on the cub's fur, as a result of a [[chemical reaction]] between the fur and its mother's [[saliva]]. A month after birth, the colour pattern of the cub's fur is fully developed. Its fur is very soft and coarsens with age. The cub begins to crawl at 75 to 80 days;<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica Online"/> mothers play with their cubs by rolling and wrestling with them. The cubs can eat small quantities of bamboo after six months, though mother's milk remains the primary food source for most of the first year. Giant panda cubs weigh {{cvt|45|kg}} at one year and live with their mothers until they are 18 months to two years old. The interval between births in the wild is generally two years.<ref name="Sept Exam">{{cite web |url=http://animal.discovery.com/videos/panda-update-september-cub-exam.html|title=Panda Update: September Cub Exam |date=4 May 2006 |publisher=Discovery Communications, LLC|access-date=9 August 2010|archive-date=7 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107220300/http://animal.discovery.com/videos/panda-update-september-cub-exam.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Initially, the primary method of breeding giant pandas in captivity was by [[artificial insemination]], as they seemed to lose their interest in [[mating]] once they were captured.<ref>{{cite news |title=National Zoo's Giant Panda Undergoes Artificial Insemination |url=http://www.nbc4.com/news/15643501/detail.html |work=[[NBC]] |agency=Associated Press |date=19 March 2008 |access-date=13 April 2008 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> This led some scientists to trying methods such as showing them [[Panda pornography|videos of giant pandas mating]]<ref>{{cite news |first=Narunart |last=Prapanya |title='Panda porn' to encourage mating |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/01/25/panda.passion/index.html |publisher=[[Time Warner]] |date=25 January 2006 |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-date=5 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405191046/http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/01/25/panda.passion/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and giving the males [[sildenafil]] (commonly known as Viagra).<ref>{{cite news |title=Pandas unexcited by Viagra |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2246588.stm |work=BBC News |date=9 September 2002 |access-date=13 April 2008 |archive-date=5 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005065008/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2246588.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> In the 2000s, researchers started having success with captive breeding programs, and they have now determined giant pandas have comparable breeding to some populations of the [[American black bear]], a thriving bear species.<ref name="pandasinc">{{cite magazine |first=Lynne |last=W. |title=Pandas, Inc. |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/?fs=animals-panther.nationalgeographic.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903225830/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2006/07/panda/warren-text?fs=animals-panther.nationalgeographic.com |archive-date=3 September 2015 |magazine=[[National Geographic Magazine]] |date=July 2006 |access-date=10 April 2008 }}</ref><ref name="WWF"/>

In July 2009, Chinese scientists confirmed the birth of the first cub to be successfully conceived through artificial insemination using frozen sperm.<ref name="Baby panda born from frozen sperm"/> The technique for freezing the sperm in [[liquid nitrogen]] was first developed in 1980 and the first birth was hailed as a solution to the dwindling availability of giant panda semen, which had led to inbreeding.<ref name="First panda cub born using frozen sperm">{{cite news |title=First panda cub born using frozen sperm|date=25 July 2009 |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2009/0725/1224251307368.html |access-date=26 July 2009|newspaper=The Irish Times |archive-date=16 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016052058/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2009/0725/1224251307368.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="China announces first panda from frozen sperm"/> Panda semen, which can be frozen for decades, could be shared between different zoos to save the species.<ref name="Baby panda born from frozen sperm">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8168491.stm |title=Baby panda born from frozen sperm|date=25 July 2009|access-date=26 July 2009|publisher=BBC|archive-date=26 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726144209/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8168491.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="World's 1st giant panda born from frozen sperm in SW China">{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/24/content_11766726.htm |title=World's 1st giant panda born from frozen sperm in SW China|date=24 July 2009|access-date=26 July 2009|publisher=Xinhua News Agency|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226013440/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/24/content_11766726.htm|archive-date=26 December 2009}}</ref> As of 2009, it is expected that zoos in destinations such as San Diego in the United States and [[Mexico City]] will be able to provide their own semen to inseminate more giant pandas.<ref name="China announces first panda from frozen sperm">{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/2009-07-24-panda_N.htm|title=China announces first panda from frozen sperm|date=24 July 2009 |access-date=24 January 2011|work=USA TODAY|first=Tini|last=Tran|archive-date=23 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623190258/http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/2009-07-24-panda_N.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> 

Attempts have also been made to reproduce giant pandas by [[interspecific pregnancy]] where cloned panda embryos were implanted into the uterus of an animal of another species. This has resulted in panda fetuses, but no live births.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1 = Chen |first1 = D. Y. |last2 = Wen |first2 = D. C. |last3 = Zhang | first3 = Y. P. |last4 = Sun |first4 = Q. Y. |last5 = Han |first5 = Z. M. |last6 = Liu |first6 = Z. H. |last7 = Shi |first7 = P. |last8 = Li |first8 = J. S. |last9 = Xiangyu |first9 = J. G. |last10 = Lian |first10 = L. |last11 = Kou |first11 = Z. H. |last12 = Wu |first12 = Y. Q. |last13 = Chen |first13 = Y. C. |last14 = Wang |first14 = P. Y. |last15 = Zhang |first15 = H. M.| year=2002| title=Interspecies implantation and mitochondria fate of panda-rabbit cloned embryos| journal=Biology of Reproduction| volume=67| issue=2| pages=637–642| pmid=12135908| doi=10.1095/biolreprod67.2.637| doi-access=free}}</ref>