Editing Ghetto (section)

=== Early ghettos ===
[[File:Children in the Ghetto and the Ice-Cream Man. Chicago Ill. (FRONT).jpeg|thumb|''Children in the Ghetto and the Ice-Cream Man''&nbsp;— postcard from 1909 in [[Maxwell Street]], [[Chicago]]]]
[[File:The_Ghetto_of_Chicago.jpg|thumb|right|A scene of Maxwell Street in Chicago circa 1908. The title reads "THE GHETTO OF CHICAGO". The image has been colorized and is taken from a souvenir guide to Chicago printed in 1908. Note the signage in [[Yiddish]] that reads 'Fish Market'.]]
The development of ghettos in the United States is closely associated with different [[History of immigration to the United States|waves of immigration]] and internal urban migration. The [[Irish Americans|Irish]] and [[German Americans|German]] immigrants of the mid-19th century were the first ethnic groups to form [[ethnic enclave]]s in United States cities. This was followed by large numbers of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, including many [[Italian Americans|Italians]] and [[Polish Americans|Poles]] and Russians between 1880 and 1920. Jewish immigrants were part of the earliest German wave, as well as comprising numerous immigrants from Eastern Europe, the Russian Empire at the time.<ref name="Glaeser">[[Edward Glaeser|Glaeser, Ed]]. 1997. "[http://www.bos.frb.org/economic/nerr/rr1997/spring/glsr97_2.htm Ghettos: The Changing Consequences of Ethnic Isolation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021081419/http://www.bos.frb.org/economic/nerr/rr1997/spring/glsr97_2.htm |date=2010-10-21 }}." ''Regional Review'' 7(Spring). Boston, MA: [[Federal Reserve Bank of Boston]].</ref> Most remained in their established immigrant communities, but by the second or third generation, many families were able to relocate to newer housing built in the [[suburb]]s after World War II.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sklare |first=Marshall |title=Jewish identity on the suburban frontier: a study of group survival in the open society |last2=Greenblum |first2=Joseph |date=1979 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-76176-3 |edition=2. |location=Chicago}}</ref>

These ethnic ghetto areas included the [[Lower East Side#Culture|Lower East Side]] in [[Manhattan|Manhattan, New York]], which later became notable as predominantly [[Jews|Jewish]], and later still as Chinese and Latino. [[East Harlem#History|East Harlem]] was once predominantly Italian and in the 1950s became home to a large [[Stateside Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]] community. [[Little Italy]]s across the country were predominantly Italian ghettos. Many Polish immigrants settled in areas of other nationals, such as [[Lower West Side, Chicago|Pilsen]] of Chicago and [[Polish Hill (Pittsburgh)|Polish Hill]] of [[Pittsburgh]]. Since the late 20th century, [[Brighton Beach]] in [[Brooklyn]] has become the home of predominately Jewish Russian and Ukrainian immigrants, who left after the [[Soviet Union]] lifted some migration restrictions and later after its fall.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forward.com/news/162963/changing-face-of-brighton-beach/|title=Changing Face of Brighton Beach|first=Anna|last=Kordunsky|website=The Forward|date=17 September 2012 }}</ref>

{{Anchor|African American ghettos}}