Editing Genetic engineering (section)

=== Other applications ===
Genetic engineering has potential applications in conservation and natural area management. Gene transfer through [[viral vector]]s has been proposed as a means of controlling invasive species as well as vaccinating threatened fauna from disease.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Angulo E, Cooke B | title = First synthesize new viruses then regulate their release? The case of the wild rabbit | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 11 | issue = 12 | pages = 2703–9 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12453252 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01635.x | bibcode = 2002MolEc..11.2703A | hdl = 10261/45541 | s2cid = 23916432 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> Transgenic trees have been suggested as a way to confer resistance to pathogens in wild populations.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Adams JM, Piovesan G, Strauss S, Brown S |date=2 August 2002|title=The Case for Genetic Engineering of Native and Landscape Trees against Introduced Pests and Diseases |journal=Conservation Biology |volume=16 |issue=4|pages=874–79|doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00523.x  |bibcode=2002ConBi..16..874A |s2cid=86697592}}</ref> With the increasing risks of [[maladaptation]] in organisms as a result of [[climate change]] and other perturbations, facilitated adaptation through gene tweaking could be one solution to reducing extinction risks.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Thomas MA, Roemer GW, Donlan CJ, Dickson BG, Matocq M, Malaney J | title = Ecology: Gene tweaking for conservation | journal = Nature | volume = 501 | issue = 7468 | pages = 485–6 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 24073449 | doi = 10.1038/501485a | doi-access = free }}</ref> Applications of genetic engineering in conservation are thus far mostly theoretical and have yet to be put into practice.

Genetic engineering is also being used to create [[microbial art]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bio-artists bridge gap between arts, sciences: Use of living organisms is attracting attention and controversy|first=Jessica M. |last=Pasko| name-list-style = vanc |publisher=msnbc|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17387568|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234217/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17387568/|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 October 2013|date=2007-03-04}}</ref> Some bacteria have been genetically engineered to create black and white photographs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Genetically Modified Bacteria Produce Living Photographs|first=Joab |last=Jackson| name-list-style = vanc |publisher=National Geographic News|date=6 December 2005|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/12/1206_051206_bacteria_photos.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051216101532/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/12/1206_051206_bacteria_photos.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2005}}</ref> Novelty items such as lavender-colored [[Dianthus caryophyllus#Colors|carnations]],<ref name="physorg">{{Cite web|title=Plant gene replacement results in the world's only blue rose|url=https://phys.org/news/2005-04-gene-results-world-blue-rose.html|access-date=2023-03-30|website=phys.org|language=en}}</ref> [[blue rose]]s,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Katsumoto Y, Fukuchi-Mizutani M, Fukui Y, Brugliera F, Holton TA, Karan M, Nakamura N, Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Togami J, Pigeaire A, Tao GQ, Nehra NS, Lu CY, Dyson BK, Tsuda S, Ashikari T, Kusumi T, Mason JG, Tanaka Y | title = Engineering of the rose flavonoid biosynthetic pathway successfully generated blue-hued flowers accumulating delphinidin | journal = Plant & Cell Physiology | volume = 48 | issue = 11 | pages = 1589–600 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 17925311 | doi = 10.1093/pcp/pcm131 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.319.8365 }}</ref> and [[GloFish|glowing fish]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=WIPO - Search International and National Patent Collections|url=https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2000049150|access-date=2023-03-30|website=patentscope.wipo.int}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stewart CN | title = Go with the glow: fluorescent proteins to light transgenic organisms | journal = Trends in Biotechnology | volume = 24 | issue = 4 | pages = 155–62 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16488034 | doi = 10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.02.002 | url = http://plantsciences.utk.edu/pdf/stewart-TIBTECH-FPs-2006.pdf | access-date = 25 October 2017 | archive-date = 3 July 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100703194009/http://plantsciences.utk.edu/pdf/stewart-TIBTECH-FPs-2006.pdf }}</ref> have also been produced through genetic engineering.