Editing Galanthus (section)

===Subdivision===
[[File:Galanthus vernation types.jpg|thumb|The three different forms of leaf shoots from the bulb: flat (applanate), folded (explicative) rolled up (convolute) (left to right)]]
[[File:Galanthus elwesii, flower.jpg|thumb|''[[Galanthus elwesii]]'']]
[[File:Snowdrop 'Viridi-Apice'.jpg|thumb|''Galanthus nivalis'' 'Viridapice']]
[[File:Підсніжники в урочищі Холодний Яр.jpeg|thumb|''[[Galanthus plicatus]]'']]
[[File:Weiße Galanthusblüten.JPG|thumb|''[[Galanthus woronowii]]'']]

''Galanthus'' has approximately 20 species, but new species continue to be described.<ref name=WCSP/> ''G. trojanus'' was identified in Turkey in 2001.<ref name=WCSPtroj/>{{sfn|Davis|Özhatay|2001}} ''G. panjutinii'' (Panjutin's snowdrop)<ref name=WCSPpanj/> was discovered in 2012 in five locations in a small area (estimated at {{cvt|20|km2}}) of the northern [[Colchis]] area (western [[Transcaucasus]]) of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Russia]].<ref name=RBGpanj/>{{sfn|Zubov|Davis|2012}} ''G. samothracicus'' was identified in Greece in 2014. Since it has not been subjected to genetic sequencing, it remains unplaced. It resembles ''G. nivalis'', but is outside the distribution of that species.<ref name=WCSPsamo/>{{sfn|Tan et al.|2014}}

Many species are difficult to identify, however, and traditional infrageneric classification based on [[plant morphology]] alone, such as those of [[FC Stern|Stern]] (1956),{{sfn|Stern|1956}} [[HP Traub|Traub]] (1963)<ref name=Traub63/> and Davis{{sfn|Davis|2016}} (1999, 2001),<ref name=Davistax/>{{sfn|Davis|2001}}{{sfn|Brickell|2011}} has not reflected what is known about its [[evolutionary history]], due to the morphological similarities among the species and relative lack of easily discernible distinguishing characteristics.{{sfn|Kamenetsky|2012}}{{sfn|Lledo et al.|2004}}{{sfn|Larsen et al.|2010}} Stern divided the genus into three series according to leaf [[vernation]] (the way the leaves are folded in the bud, when viewed in transverse section, see [[#Description|Description]]);{{sfn|Stern|1956}}
* section ''Nivales'' <small>Beck</small> (flat leaves)
* section ''Plicati'' <small>Beck</small> ([[Glossary of botanical terms#plicate|plicate]] leaves)
* section ''Latifolii'' <small>Stern</small> ([[convolute (botany)|convolute]] leaves)
Stern further utilised characteristics such as the markings of the inner segments, length of the pedicels in relation to the spathe, and the colour and shape of the leaves in identifying and classifying species

Traub considered them as [[subgenera]];
* subgenus ''Galanthus''
* subgenus ''Plicatanthus'' <small>Traub & Moldk.</small>
* subgenus ''Platyphyllanthe'' <small>Traub</small>

By contrast Davis, with much more information and specimens, included [[biogeography]] in addition to vernation, forming two series. He used somewhat different terminology for vernation, namely applanate (flat), explicative (plicate), and supervolute (convolute). He merged ''Nivalis'' and ''Plicati'' into series ''Galanthus'', and divided ''Latifolii'' into two subseries, ''Glaucaefolii'' <small>(Kem.-Nath) A.P.Davis</small> and ''Viridifolii'' <small>(Kem.-Nath) A.P.Davis</small>.<ref name=Davistax/>

Early [[molecular phylogenetic]] studies confirmed the genus was [[monophyletic]] and suggested four [[clades]], which were labelled as [[series (botany)|series]], and showed that Davis' subseries were not monophyletic.{{sfn|Lledo et al.|2004}}{{sfn|Larsen et al.|2010}} An expanded study in 2013 demonstrated seven major clades, corresponding to [[biogeographical]] distribution. This study used nuclear encoded nr[[Internal transcribed spacer|ITS]] (Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer), and [[plastid]] encoded genes ''matK'' ([[Maturase K]]), ''[[trnL-F]]'', ''[[ndhF]]'', and ''[[psbK–psbI]]'', and examined all species recognised at the time, as well as two naturally occurring putative [[hybrid (biology)|hybrids]]. The morphological characteristic of vernation that earlier authors had mainly relied on was shown to be highly [[homoplasious]]. A number of species, such as ''G. nivalis'' and ''G. elwesii'' demonstrated intraspecific biogeographical clades, indicating problems with [[speciation]] and there may be a need for [[circumscription (taxonomy)|recircumscription]]. These clades were assigned names, partly according to Davis' previous groupings. In this model clade, the group containing ''G. platyphyllus'' is [[sister group|sister]] to the rest of the genus.{{sfn|Ronsted et al.|2013}}

By contrast, another study performed at the same time, using both [[nuclear DNA|nuclear]] and [[chloroplast DNA]], but limited to the 14 species found in Turkey, largely confirmed Davis' series and subseries, and with biogeographical correlation. Series ''Galanthus'' in this study corresponded to clade nivalis, subseries ''Glaucaefolii'' with clade Elwesii and subseries ''Viridifolii'' with clades Woronowii and Alpinus. However, the model did not provide complete resolution.{{sfn|Margoz et al.|2013}}

==== Clades ====

{{cladogram
| title=Cladogram of evolutionary lines in ''Galanthus'' ''sensu'' Ronsted ''et al.''{{sfn|Ronsted et al.|2013}}
| align=''center''
| cladogram={{clade|style="text-align:left; padding:2.5px; background:#eef"; width:500px;
| label1= ''Galanthus''
| 1={{clade
|   1=Platyphyllus
|   2={{clade
|     1=Trojanus
|     2={{clade
|       1={{clade
|         1=Ikariae
|         2=Elwesii}}
|       2={{clade
|         1=Nivalis
|         2={{clade
|           1=Woronowii
|           2=Alpinus}}
          }}
          }}
        }}
      }}
   }}
}}''sensu'' Ronsted et al. 2013{{sfn|Ronsted et al.|2013}}
* Platyphyllus clade ([[Caucasus]], W. [[Transcaucasus]], NE [[Turkey]])
** ''[[Galanthus krasnovii]]'' <small>Khokhr.</small> 1963
** ''[[Galanthus platyphyllus]]'' <small>Traub & Moldenke</small> 1948
** ''[[Galanthus panjutinii]]'' <small>Zubov & A.P.Davis</small> 2012
* Trojanus clade (NW Turkey)
** ''[[Galanthus trojanus]]'' <small>A.P.Davis & Özhatay</small> 2001
* Ikariae clade ([[Aegean Islands]])
** ''[[Galanthus ikariae]]'' <small>Baker</small> 1893
* Elwesii clade (Turkey, Aegean Islands, SE Europe)
** ''[[Galanthus cilicicus]]'' <small>Baker</small> 1897
** ''[[Galanthus elwesii]]'' <small>[[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]]</small> 1875 (2 variants)
** ''[[Galanthus gracilis]]'' <small>Celak.</small> 1891
** ''[[Galanthus peshmenii]]'' <small>A.P.Davis & C.D.Brickell</small> 1994
* Nivalis clade (Europe, NW Turkey)
** ''[[Galanthus nivalis]]'' <small>L.</small> 1753
** ''[[Galanthus plicatus]]'' <small>M.Bieb.</small> 1819 (2 subspecies)
** ''[[Galanthus reginae-olgae]]'' <small>Orph.</small> 1874 (2 subspecies)
* Woronowii clade (Caucasus, E. and NE Turkey, N. [[Iran]])
** ''[[Galanthus fosteri]]'' <small>Baker</small> 1889
** ''[[Galanthus lagodechianus]]'' <small>Kem.-Nath.</small> 1947
** ''[[Galanthus rizehensis]]'' <small>[[Frederick Claude Stern|Stern]]</small> 1956
** ''[[Galanthus woronowii]]'' <small>Losinsk.</small> 1935
* Alpinus clade (Caucasus, NE Turkey, N.Iran)
** [[Galanthus × allenii|''Galanthus'' × ''allenii'']] <small>Baker</small> 1891
** ''[[Galanthus angustifolius]]'' <small>Koss</small> 1951
** ''[[Galanthus alpinus]]'' <small>Sosn.</small> (2 variants) 1911
** ''[[Galanthus koenenianus]]'' <small>Lobin</small> 1993
** ''[[Galanthus transcaucasicus]]'' <small>Fomin</small> 1909
* Unplaced
** ''[[Galanthus bursanus]]'' <small>Zubov, Konca & A.P.Davis</small> 2019 (NW Turkey)
** ''[[Galanthus samothracicus]]'' <small>Kit Tan & Biel</small> 2014 (Greece)

{{cladogram
| title=Cladogram of evolutionary lines in ''Galanthus'' ''sensu'' Margoz ''et al.''{{sfn|Margoz et al.|2013}}
| align=''center''
| cladogram={{clade|style="text-align:left; padding:2.5px; background:#eef"; width:500px;
| label1= ''Galanthus''
| 1={{clade
|   1=''Viridifolii''
|   2={{clade
|     1=''Glaucaefolii''
 |     2=''Galanthus''}}
    }}
}}
}}

;Selected species
* Common snowdrop, ''[[Galanthus nivalis]]'', grows to around 7–15&nbsp;cm tall, flowering between January and April in the northern temperate zone (January–May in the wild). Applanate vernation<ref name="BDG_p17">[[#Bishop|Bishop, Davis & Grimshaw (2002)]], p. 17.</ref> Grown as [[ornamental plant|ornamental]].
* Crimean snowdrop, ''Galanthus plicatus'', 30&nbsp;cm tall, flowering January/March, white flowers, with broad leaves folded back at the edges (explicative vernation)
* Giant snowdrop, ''Galanthus elwesii'', a native of the [[Levant]], 23&nbsp;cm tall, flowering January/February, with large flowers, the three inner segments of which often have a much larger and more conspicuous green blotch (or blotches) than the more common kinds; supervolute vernation. Grown as ornamental.<ref name=elwesii/>
* ''Galanthus reginae-olgae'', from [[Greece]] and [[Sicily]], is quite similar in appearance to ''G. nivalis'', but flowers in autumn before the leaves appear. The leaves, which appear in the spring, have a characteristic white stripe on their upper side; applanate vernation
** ''G. reginae-olgae'' subsp. ''vernalis'', from Sicily, northern Greece and the southern part of former Yugoslavia, blooms at the end of the winter with developed young leaves and is thus easily confused with ''G. nivalis''.