Editing Fentanyl (section)

=== Other ===
Some [[Route of administration|routes of administration]] such as nasal sprays and inhalers generally result in a faster onset of high blood levels, which can provide more immediate analgesia but also more severe side effects, especially in overdose. The much higher cost of some of these appliances may not be justified by marginal benefit compared with buccal or oral options. Intranasal fentanyl appears to be equally effective as IV morphine and superior to intramuscular morphine for the management of acute hospital pain.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

A fentanyl patient-controlled transdermal system (PCTS) is under development, which aims to allow patients to control the administration of fentanyl through the skin to treat postoperative pain.<ref name="pmid15914877">{{cite journal | vauthors = Koo PJ | title = Postoperative pain management with a patient-controlled transdermal delivery system for fentanyl | journal = American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy | volume = 62 | issue = 11 | pages = 1171–1176 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 15914877 | doi = 10.1093/ajhp/62.11.1171 | url = http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/505784_2 | url-status = live | access-date = 28 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180806203216/https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/505784_2 | archive-date = 6 August 2018 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref> The technology consists of a "preprogrammed, self-contained drug-delivery system" that uses [[iontophoresis|electrotransport]] technology to administer on-demand doses of 40{{nbsp}}μg of fentanyl hydrochloride over ten minutes. In a 2004 experiment including 189 patients with moderate to severe postoperative pain up to 24{{nbsp}}hours after major surgery, 25% of patients withdrew due to inadequate analgesia. However, the PCTS method proved superior to the placebo, showing lower mean [[Visual analogue scale|VAS]] pain scores and having no significant respiratory depression effects.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chelly JE, Grass J, Houseman TW, Minkowitz H, Pue A | title = The safety and efficacy of a fentanyl patient-controlled transdermal system for acute postoperative analgesia: a multicenter, placebo-controlled trial | journal = Anesthesia and Analgesia | volume = 98 | issue = 2 | pages = 427–433 | date = February 2004 | pmid = 14742382 | doi = 10.1213/01.ANE.0000093314.13848.7E | s2cid = 24551941 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref>