Editing Fasces (section)

== Modern usage ==
[[File:Eagle with fasces.svg|thumb|right|An [[eagle]] perching on a fasces, a common [[Fascist symbolism|symbol of]] [[fascist]] regimes<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.scribd.com/document/373053697/Fascist-Symbolism | title=Fascist Symbolism &#124; PDF &#124; Far Right Politics &#124; Third Position }}</ref>]]

Numerous governments and other authorities have used the image of the fasces as a symbol of power since the end of the [[Roman Empire]]. It also has been used to hearken back to the Roman Republic, particularly by those who see themselves as modern-day successors to that republic or its ideals.

[[Coat of arms of Ecuador|The Ecuadorian coat of arms]] incorporated the fasces in 1830, although it had already been in use in the [[Coat of arms of Gran Colombia#Third version|coat of arms]] of [[Gran Colombia]].

=== Italy ===
The Italian word ''[[fascio]]'' ({{plural form}}: ''fasci''), etymologically related to ''fasces'', was used by various political organizations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the figurative meaning of "league" or "union".

[[Italian Fascism]], which derives its name from the fasces, arguably used this symbolism the most in the twentieth century. The [[British Union of Fascists]] also used it in the 1930s. The fasces, as a widespread and long-established symbol in the West, however, has avoided the [[social stigma|stigma]] associated with much of [[fascist symbolism]] (except in Italy, where exhibiting the fasces can lead to an indictment) and many authorities continue to display them, including the federal government of the United States.

<gallery>
Image:War flag of the Italian Social Republic.svg|War flag of the [[Italian Social Republic]]
Image:Flag of the National Fascist Party (PNF) variant 2.svg|Flag of the [[National Fascist Party]]
Image:Flag of Italian Fascism.svg|Italian Fascist flag first seen used in the early 1920s with this depiction being one variant of such flags that were the Italian tricolour flag with a fasces in the middle of it
Image:Fascist_Eagle.svg|Eagle perched on fasces, as adorned on caps and helmets of [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]]
File:Roundel of Italy (1922–1940).svg|Fuselage roundel used on aircraft of the [[Regia Aeronautica|Italian air force]] during the Fascist period
File:Italy-Royal-Airforce.svg|Roundel used on the wings of aircraft of the Italian air force during the Fascist period
</gallery>

=== France ===
A review of the images included in ''Les Grands Palais de France : Fontainebleau''<ref>''Les Grands Palais de France : Fontainebleau'', I re Série, Styles Louis XV, Louis XVI, Empire, Labrairie Centrale D'Art Et D'Architecture, Ancienne Maison Morel, Ch. Eggimann, Succ, 106, Boulevard Saint Germain, Paris, 1910</ref><ref>''Les Grands Palais de France : Fontainebleau '', II me Série, Les Appartments D'Anne D'Autriche, De François I er, Et D'Elenonre La Chapelle, Labrairie Centrale D'Art Et D'Architecture, Ancienne Maison Morel, Ch. Eggimann, Succ, 106, Boulevard Saint Germain, Paris, 1912</ref> reveals that French architects used the Roman fasces (''faisceaux romains'') as a decorative device as early as the reign of [[Louis XIII]] (1610–1643) and continued to employ it through the periods of [[Napoleon I]]'s Empire (1804–1815).

The fasces typically appeared in a context reminiscent of the [[Roman Republic]] and of the [[Roman Empire]]. The [[French Revolution]] used many references to the ancient [[Roman Republic]] in its imagery. During the [[French First Republic|First Republic]], topped by the [[Phrygian cap]], the fasces is a tribute to the Roman Republic and means that power belongs to the people. It also symbolizes the "unity and indivisibility of the Republic",<ref name="elysee1">{{cite web |title=Le Faisceau de licteur |year=2009 |url=http://www.elysee.fr/president/la-presidence/les-symboles-de-la-republique-francaise/le-faisceau-de-licteur/le-faisceau-de-licteur.5979.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104072203/http://www.elysee.fr/president/la-presidence/les-symboles-de-la-republique-francaise/le-faisceau-de-licteur/le-faisceau-de-licteur.5979.html |archive-date=2012-11-04 |website=Présidence de la République |language=fr }}</ref> as stated in the [[French Constitution]]. [[French Revolution of 1848|In 1848]] and [[Government of National Defense|after 1870]], it appears on the [[Seal (emblem)|seal]] of the French Republic, held by the figure of [[Liberty (personification)|Liberty]]. There is the fasces in the [[Coat of arms of France|arms of the French Republic]] with the "RF" for ''République française'' (see image below), surrounded by leaves of [[olive tree]] (as a symbol of [[peace]]) and [[oak]] (as a symbol of [[justice]]). While it is used widely by French officials, this symbol never was officially adopted by the government.<ref name="elysee1"/>

President [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]] placed one on his presidential flag.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.elysee.fr/la-presidence/le-faisceau-de-licteur | title = Le faisceau de licteur | website = elysee.fr| date = 20 November 2012 }}.</ref> In 2015, a logo representing a stylized fasces was used for internet communication by the Presidency of the French Republic.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.bfmtv.com/politique/elysee/le-nouveau-logo-de-la-communication-de-l-elysee-fait-bien-rire-les-internautes_AN-201503300129.html | title = Le nouveau logo de la communication de l'Elysée fait bien rire les internautes | website = bfmtv.com| date = 31 March 2015 }}.</ref> Since 1870, it has also appeared on the badges of deputies and senators known as barometers, which they place conspicuously on their vehicles.

<gallery>
File:Arms of the French Republic.svg|The unofficial but common [[coat of arms of France]] depicts a fasces, representing justice
Image:French fasces.jpg|Images from ''Les Grands Palais de France : Fontainebleau ''
Image:French fasces 00.jpg|
Image:Nanine Vallain - Liberté.jpg|[[Nanine Vallain]], ''Liberté'', 1794
Image:Consulate Seal of Napoleon Bonaparte.png|[[French Consulate]] Seal of [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], 1799
Image:Great Seal of France.svg|[[Great Seal of France]], 1848
</gallery>

=== United States ===
[[File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg|thumb|[[Seal of the United States Senate]] with two fasces at bottom]]

Since the original founding of the United States in the 18th century, several offices and institutions in the United States have heavily incorporated representations of the fasces into much of their iconography.

==== Federal fasces iconography ====
[[File:1943D Mercury Dime reverse.jpg|thumb|The reverse of the Mercury dime, with a fasces]]
[[File:Emancipation Memorial.jpg|thumb|Emancipation Memorial]]

* On the podium of the [[Emancipation Memorial]] in Washington D.C., beneath [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s right hand
* The reverse of the [[Mercury Dime]], the design used from 1916 until the adoption of the current FDR dime in 1945, features a fasces.
* On the obverse of the 1896 $1 [[Educational Series]] note there is a fasces leaning against the wall behind the youth.
* In the [[Oval Office]], above the door leading to the exterior walkway, and above the corresponding door on the opposite wall, which leads to the president's private office; the fasces depicted have no axes, possibly because in the [[Roman Republic]], the blade was always removed from the bundle whenever the fasces were carried inside the city, in order to symbolize the rights of citizens against arbitrary state power (see above)
* Two fasces appear on either side of the [[flag of the United States]] behind the podium in the [[United States House of Representatives]], with bronze examples replacing the previous gilded iron installments during the remodeling project of 1950.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Office of the Historian |title=Furniture |website=US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives |url=https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/Capitol/1951-Present/Furniture/ |access-date=2020-02-27 |publisher=US House of Representatives }}</ref>
* The [[Mace of the United States House of Representatives]] resembles fasces and consists of thirteen ebony rods bound together in the same fashion as the fasces, topped by a silver eagle on a globe
* The official [[seal of the United States Senate]] has as one component a pair of crossed fasces.
* Fasces ring the base of the [[Statue of Freedom]] atop the [[United States Capitol]] building.
* A frieze on the facade of the [[United States Supreme Court building]] depicts the figure of a Roman [[centurion]] holding a fasces, to represent "order".<ref>{{cite web |last=Skefos |first=Catherine Hetos |title=The Supreme Court gets a new home |date=1975 |website=Journal of Supreme Court History |publisher=Supreme Court Historical Society |url=http://www.supremecourthistory.org/04_library/subs_volumes/04_c01_e.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051128162002/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/04_library/subs_volumes/04_c01_e.html |archive-date=2005-11-28 }}</ref>
* The [[National Guard of the United States|National Guard]] uses the fasces on the seal of the [[National Guard Bureau]], and it appears in the insignia of Regular Army officers assigned to National Guard liaison and in the insignia and unit symbols of National Guard units themselves; for instance, the regimental crest of the [[71st Infantry Regiment (New York)]] of the New York National Guard consisted of a gold fasces set on a blue background.
* At the [[Lincoln Memorial]], Lincoln's seat of state bears the fasces—without axes—on the fronts of its arms; fasces also appear on the pylons flanking the main staircase leading into the memorial.
* The official [[Seal (emblem)|seal]] of the [[United States Tax Court]] bears the fasces at its center.
* Four fasces flank the two bronze plaques on either side of the bust of Lincoln memorializing his [[Gettysburg Address]] at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
* The seal of the United States Courts Administrative Office includes a fasces behind crossed quill and scroll.
* In the Washington Monument is a statue of George Washington leaning on a fasces.
* A fasces features prominently in the regimental insignia and coat of arms of the [[Military Police Corps (United States)|United States Military Police Corps]], as well as on the insignias of the [[14th Military Police Brigade|14th]], [[18th Military Police Brigade|18th]], and [[42nd Military Police Brigade|42nd]] [[List of United States Army Military Police Corps units|Military Police Brigades]].
* A fasces appears on the [[shoulder sleeve insignia]] of the [[United States Army Reserve Legal Command|US Army Reserve Legal Command]].
* Seated beside George Washington, a figure holds a fasces as part of ''[[The Apotheosis of Washington]]'', a fresco mural suspended above the rotunda of the [[United States Capitol Building]].

==== State, local and other fasces iconography ====
[[File:MN Supreme Court Chamber, ornate woodwork on railing-02.jpg|thumb|Ornate woodwork on railing in [[Minnesota Supreme Court]] Chamber]]

* The main entrance hallways in the [[Wisconsin State Capitol]] have lamps that are decorated with stone fasces motifs; in the woodwork before the podium of the speaker of the assembly, several double-bladed fasces are carved, and in the woodwork before the podium of the senate president are several single-bladed fasces.
* The grand seal of [[Harvard University]] inside Memorial Church is flanked by two inward-pointing fasces; the seal is located directly below the {{convert|368|ft|m|adj=on}} steeple and the [[Great Seal of the United States]] inside the Memorial Room; the walls of the room list the names of Harvard students, faculty, and alumni who gave their lives in service of the [[United States]] during [[World War I]] along with an empty tomb depicting [[Alma Mater]] holding a slain Harvard student.
* The fasces appears on the [[Seal of Colorado|state seal of Colorado]], US, beneath the "All-seeing eye" (or [[Eye of Providence]]) and above the mountains and mines.
* The hallmark of the [[Kerr & Co]] silver company was a fasces.
* On the seal of the [[New York City]] borough of [[Brooklyn]], a figure carries a fasces; the seal appears on the borough flag; fasces also can be seen in the stone columns at [[Grand Army Plaza]] and on a flagpole in [[Washington Square Park]].
* The symbol is used as part of the [[Knights of Columbus]] emblem (designed in 1883, replaced by a bayonet from 1926 to 1947).
* Commercially, a small fasces appeared at the top of one of the insignia of the [[Hupmobile]] automobile.
* A fasces appears on the [[George Washington (Houdon)|statue of George Washington]] by Jean-Antoine Houdon that is now in the Virginia State Capitol; fasces are used as posts of the 1818 cast-iron fence surrounding the capitol building.
* Columns in the form of fasces line the entrance to [[Buffalo City Hall]].
* In [[Newark Penn Station]], the exit to Raymond Plaza West is bordered on both sides by {{convert|10|ft|m|0|adj=on}} vertical fasces (each with a double axe-head).
* [[VAW-116]] have a fasces on their unit insignia.
* [[San Francisco]]'s [[Coit Tower]] has two fasces-like insignia (without the axe) carved above its entrance, flanking a [[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]].
* Two monuments erected in [[Chicago]] at the time of the [[Century of Progress Exposition]] are adorned with fasces; the monument to [[Christopher Columbus (Grant Park)|Christopher Columbus]] (1933) in [[Grant Park (Chicago)|Grant Park]] has them on the ends of its [[exedra]]; the ''[[Balbo Monument]]'' in [[Burnham Park (Chicago)|Burnham Park]], (1934) a gift from [[Benito Mussolini]], has the vandalized remains of fasces on all four corners of its [[plinth]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bach |first1=Ira |last2=Gray |first2=Mary Lackritz |title=A guide to Chicago's public sculpture |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |year=1983 |pages=11–12 |isbn=978-0-2260-3398-3 }}</ref>

==== Examples of US fasces iconography ====
<gallery>
File:State of the Union entrance 2011.jpg|Fasces bestride Speaker's rostrum in the [[United States House of Representatives|House chamber]] of the [[United States Capitol]]
File:Kennedy children visit the Oval Office, October 1962.jpg|Above the door leading out of the [[Oval Office]]
File:Mace of the U.S. House of Representatives (front).png|The [[mace of the United States House of Representatives]], designed to resemble a fasces
File:1989CongressBicentennialDollarBreverse.tif|[[Modern United States commemorative coins#1989|1989 US Congress Bicentennial commemorative coin]] reverse, depicting [[mace of the United States House of Representatives]]
File:Seal of the United States Tax Court.svg|The seal of the [[United States Tax Court]]
File:Lincoln Memorial Inside.jpg|The [[Lincoln Memorial]] with the fronts of the chair arms shaped to resemble fasces
File:LincolnGett.JPG|Flanking the image of Lincoln at the [[Gettysburg Address]] memorial
File:US-Courts-AdministrativeOffice-Seal.svg|The seal of the [[Administrative Office of the United States Courts]]
File:Fasces on City Hall Chicago.jpg|Above the door to [[Chicago City Hall|Chicago's City Hall]]
File:Flag of Brooklyn, New York.svg|The flag of the New York City borough of [[Brooklyn]]
File:Looking up at Coit Tower.jpg|At the entrance to San Francisco's [[Coit Tower]]
File:George Washington Statue at Federal Hall.JPG|Statue of [[George Washington]] at the site of his inauguration as first president of the United States, now occupied by [[Federal Hall National Memorial]], includes a fasces to the subject's rear right
File:AlexanderHamiltonUSCapStat.jpg|Horatio Stone's 1848 statue of [[Alexander Hamilton]] displays a fasces below Hamilton's hand
File:United States Army Reserve Legal Command CSIB.png|Shoulder sleeve insignia of [[United States Army Reserve Legal Command|US Army Reserve Legal Command]]
File:Flickr - USCapitol - Apotheosis of Washington, Science.jpg|Portion of ''[[The Apotheosis of Washington]]'', a fresco mural suspended above the rotunda of the [[United States Capitol Building]]
File:USAMPC-Regimental-Insignia.png|Regimental Insignia of the [[Military Police Corps (United States)|United States Military Police Corps]].
File:14MPBdeSSI.jpg|Shoulder sleeve insignia of the [[14th Military Police Brigade]]
File:18th Military Police Brigade SSI.svg|Shoulder sleeve insignia of the [[18th Military Police Brigade]]
File:42nd Military Police Brigade SSI (2004-2015).png|Shoulder sleeve insignia of the [[42nd Military Police Brigade]]
</gallery>

=== Modern authorities and movements ===
* The collar of the Latvian [[Order of the Three Stars]] is decorated with fasces that is supported by lion and griffin
*[[Benito Mussolini]]'s tomb is flanked by marble fasces

The following cases involve the adoption of the fasces as a symbol or icon, although no physical re-introduction has occurred.
* [[Aiguillette]]s worn by [[aide de camp|aides-de-camp]] in many Commonwealth armed forces bear the fasces on the metal points; the origin of this is unknown, as the fasces is an uncommon symbol in British and Commonwealth heraldry and insignia
* The [[Miners Flag]] (also known as the "Diggers' Banner"), the standard of nineteenth-century gold-miners in the colony of Victoria, in Australia, included the fasces as a symbol of unity and strength of common purpose; this flag symbolized the movement prior to the rebellion at the [[Eureka Stockade]] (1854)
* The [[British Union of Fascists]] originally used the fasces on their flag until adopting the [[Flash and Circle]]
* The coat of arms of [[Republic of Ecuador|Ecuador]], which also is featured on its national flag, has included a fasces since 1822
* The coat of arms of [[Cameroon]] features two fasces that form a diagonal cross
* The coat of arms of [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]] features a fasces
* The third flag of [[Gran Colombia]], a former nation in [[South America]], depicted a large fasces entwined with several arrows
* The coat of arms of [[Norte de Santander]], a department of [[Colombia]], and of its capital [[Cúcuta]], both feature a fasces
* The coat of arms of the [[Romanian Police]] features two crossed fasces
* The Grand Coat of Arms of [[Vilnius]], [[Lithuania]] features a fasces
* The crests of many collegiate [[fraternities|fraternities and sororities]] feature the fasces, including those of [[Chi Phi]], [[Alpha Phi Delta]], [[Sigma Alpha Mu]], [[Phi Beta Sigma]], and [[Psi Upsilon]]
* The academic seal of [[American University Washington College of Law]] prominently features a fasces
* The symbol of the [[National Party (Uruguay)]] (Partido Nacional) includes a fasces
* On the entrance of the [[Royal Castle of Laeken]] in Belgium
* The emblem of the Spanish gendarmerie [[Guardia Civil (Spain)|Guardia Civil]] includes a fasces
* Both the [[Norwegian Police Service|Norwegian]] and [[Swedish police]] have double fasces in their coats of arms
* The emblems of the Russian [[Federal Penitentiary Service]] and [[Federal Bailiffs Service (Russia)|Federal Bailiffs Service]] include fasces in the double-headed eagle's left foot
*Insignia of the [[Philippine Constabulary]] was include fasces
* The coat of arms of the [[Batavian Republic]] features a fasces
* Both the logo and flag of [[Patriot Front]] feature a fasces.

<gallery>
Image:Coat of arms of canton of St. Gallen.svg|The coat of arms of the Swiss [[canton of St. Gallen]] has displayed the fasces since 1803.
Image:Greater coat of arms of the Kingdom of Italy (1929-1944).svg|Greater coat of arms of Italy of 1929–1943, during the Fascist era, bearing the fasces
Image:Flag of the British Union of Fascists (original).svg|The original flag of the [[British Union of Fascists]]
File:Flag of the British Union of Fascists (alternate).svg|An alternate flag of the British Union of Fascists
Image:Emblem of the Spanish Civil Guard.svg|Emblem of the [[Guardia Civil]], a law enforcement agency from [[Spain]]
Image:Grand Coat of arms of Vilnius.svg|The Grand Coat of Arms of Vilnius, Lithuania, bearing the fasces
Image:Emblem of the Federal Penitentiary Service.svg|The emblem of the Russian [[Federal Penitentiary Service]], bearing the fasces
Image:Emblem of the Federal Bailiffs Service.svg|The emblem of the Russian [[Federal Bailiffs Service (Russia)|Federal Bailiffs Service]], bearing the fasces
File:Insignia of the Philippine Constabulary.svg|Insignia of the [[Philippine Constabulary]], bearing the fasces
File:Element uit de vlag van de marine van de Bataafse Republiek.svg|[[Dutch Maiden]], the national symbol of the [[Batavian Republic]], bearing the fasces
File:Polisen vapen bra.svg|Coat of arms of the [[Swedish Police Authority]]
File:Coat of arms of the Norwegian Police Service.svg|alt=Coat of arms of the Norwegian Police Service.|Coat of arms of the [[Norwegian Police Service]]
File:Elewacja Sejmu Śląskiego - Fasces.JPG|Fragment of the façade of the building of the [[Silesian Parliament]] in [[Katowice]]
File:Fasci.jpg|Fasces on railings at [[Alexander Garden]] in [[Moscow]]
File:Konstituciya RSFSR 1918.jpg|Cover of the [[Soviet Russia Constitution of 1918]]
</gallery>