Editing Fabaceae (section)

=== Phylogeny and taxonomy ===

==== Phylogeny ====

The [[Phylogenetics|phylogeny]] of the legumes has been the object of many studies by research groups from around the world. These studies have used morphology, [[DNA]] data (the [[chloroplast]] [[intron]] ''trnL'', the chloroplast [[gene]]s ''rbcL'' and ''matK'', or the ribosomal spacers ''ITS'') and [[Cladistics|cladistic analysis]] in order to investigate the relationships between the family's different lineages. Fabaceae is consistently recovered as [[Monophyly|monophyletic]].<ref name="tolweb">{{cite web |url=http://tolweb.org/Fabaceae/21093/2006.06.14 |title=Fabaceae |author1=Martin F. Wojciechowski |author2=Johanna Mahn |author3=Bruce Jones |year=2006 |work=The Tree of Life Web Project }}</ref> The studies further confirmed that the traditional subfamilies Mimosoideae and Papilionoideae were each [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] but both were nested within the paraphyletic subfamily Caesalpinioideae.<ref name="wojciechowski2004">{{cite journal |doi=10.3732/ajb.91.11.1846 |title=A phylogeny of legumes (Leguminosae) based on analysis of the plastid matK gene resolves many well-supported sub clades within the family |year=2014 |author1=Wojciechowski, M. F. |author2=Lavin, M. |author3=Sanderson, M. J. |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=91 |pages=1846–62 |issue=11 |pmid=21652332 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="tolweb" /> All the different approaches yielded similar results regarding the relationships between the family's main clades.<ref name="Stevens 2001" /><ref name="Käss">{{cite journal |last1=Käss |first1=E. |last2=Wink |first2=M. |year=1996 |title=Molecular evolution of the Leguminosae: phylogeny of the three subfamilies based on ''rbcL'' sequences |journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=365–378 |doi=10.1016/0305-1978(96)00032-4 |bibcode=1996BioSE..24..365K }}</ref><ref name="Käss2">{{cite journal |last1=Käss |first1=E. |last2=Wink |first2=M. |year=1997 |title=Phylogenetic relationships in the Papilionoideae (Family Leguminosae) based on nucleotide sequences of cpDNA (''rbcL'') and ncDNA (ITS1 and 2) |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=65–88 |pmid=9242596 |doi=10.1006/mpev.1997.0410 |bibcode=1997MolPE...8...65K }}</ref><ref name="Doyle">{{cite journal |last=Doyle |first=Jeff J. |last2=Doyle |first2=Jane L. |last3=Ballenger |first3=Julie A. |last4=Dickson |first4=Elizabeth E. |last5=Kajita |first5=Tadashi |last6=Ohashi |first6=Hiroyoshi |year=1997 |title=A phylogeny of the chloroplast gene ''rbcL'' in the Leguminosae: taxonomic correlations and insights into the evolution of nodulation |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=541–554 |pmid=21708606 |doi=10.2307/2446030 |jstor=2446030 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Lavin">{{cite journal |last1=Lavin |first1=M. |last2=Doyle |first2=J. J. |last3=Palmer |first3=J. D. |year=1990 |title=Evolutionary significance of the loss of the chloroplast-DNA inverted repeat in the Leguminosae subfamily Papilionoideae |journal=[[Evolution (journal)|Evolution]] |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=390–402 |jstor=2409416 |doi=10.2307/2409416 |pmid=28564377 |hdl=2027.42/137404 |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/137404/1/evo05207.pdf |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Sanderson">{{cite journal |last1=Sanderson |first1=M. J. |last2=Wojciechowski |first2=M. F. |year=1996 |title=Diversification rates in a temperate legume clade: are there "so many species" of ''Astragalus'' (Fabaceae)? |journal=[[American Journal of Botany|Am. J. Bot.]] |volume=83 |issue=11 |pages=1488–1502 |jstor=2446103 |doi=10.2307/2446103}}</ref><ref name="Chappill">{{cite book |author=Chappill, J. A. |year=1995 |chapter=Cladistic analysis of the Leguminosae: the development of an explicit hypothesis |pages=1–10 |title=Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 7: Phylogeny |editor1=Crisp, M. D. |editor2=Doyle, J. J. |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK |isbn=9780947643799}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Bruneau |first=Anne |last2=Mercure |first2=Marjorie |last3=Lewis |first3=Gwilym P. |last4=Herendeen |first4=Patrick S. |year=2008 |title=Phylogenetic patterns and diversification in the caesalpinioid legumes |journal=[[Botany (journal)|Botany]] |volume=86 |issue=7 |pages=697–718 |doi=10.1139/B08-058}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Cardoso |first=D. |last2=Pennington |first2=R. T. |last3=de Queiroz |first3=L. P. |last4=Boatwright |first4=J. S. |last5=Van Wyk |first5=B.-E. |last6=Wojciechowski |first6=M. F. |last7=Lavin |first7=M. |year=2013 |title=Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes |journal=S. Afr. J. Bot. |volume=89 |pages=58–75 |doi=10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001 |doi-access=free |hdl=10566/3193 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>{{excessive citations inline |date=December 2024}} Following extensive discussion in the legume phylogenetics community, the Legume Phylogeny Working Group reclassified Fabaceae into six subfamilies, which necessitated the segregation of four new subfamilies from Caesalpinioideae and merging Caesapinioideae ''sensu stricto'' with the former subfamily Mimosoideae.<ref name="6subfamilies">{{cite journal |author=The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG). |year=2017 |title=A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=44–77 |doi=10.12705/661.3 |doi-access=free |hdl=10568/90658 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Koenen |first=Erik J. M. |last2=Ojeda |first2=Dario I. |last3=Steeves |first3=Royce |last4=Migliore |first4=Jérémy |last5=Bakker |first5=Freek T. |last6=Wieringa |first6=Jan J. |last7=Kidner |first7=Catherine |last8=Hardy |first8=Olivier J. |last9=Pennington |first9=R. Toby |last10=Bruneau |first10=Anne |last11=Hughes |first11=Colin E. |year=2019 |title=Large-scale genomic sequence data resolve the deepest divergences in the legume phylogeny and support a near-simultaneous evolutionary origin of all six subfamilies |journal=New Phytologist |volume=225 |issue=3 |pages=1355–1369 |doi=10.1111/nph.16290 |pmid=31665814 |pmc=6972672 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The exact branching order of the different subfamilies is still unresolved.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Rong |last2=Wang |first2=Yin-Huan |last3=Jin |first3=Jian-Jun |last4=Stull |first4=Gregory W |last5=Bruneau |first5=Anne |last6=Cardoso |first6=Domingos |last7=De Queiroz |first7=Luciano Paganucci |last8=Moore |first8=Michael J |last9=Zhang |first9=Shu-Dong |last10=Chen |first10=Si-Yun |last11=Wang |first11=Jian |last12=Li |first12=De-Zhu |last13=Yi |first13=Ting-Shuang |year=2020 |title=Exploration of Plastid Phylogenomic Conflict Yields New Insights into the Deep Relationships of Leguminosae |journal=Syst. Biol. |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=613–622 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syaa013 |pmid=32065640 |pmc=7302050 }}</ref>

{{Clade |style=line-height:75%;
 |label1=[[Fabales]]
 |1={{clade
  |1=[[Polygalaceae]] ([[Outgroup (cladistics)|outgroup]])
  |2=[[Surianaceae]] (outgroup)
  |3={{clade
   |1=[[Quillajaceae]] (outgroup)
   |label2='''Fabaceae'''
   |2={{clade
    |1={{clade
     |1=[[Cercidoideae]]
     |2=[[Detarioideae]]
     }}
    |2={{clade
     |1=[[Duparquetioideae]]
     |2={{clade
      |1=[[Dialioideae]]
      |2={{clade
       |1=[[Caesalpinioideae]]
       |2=[[Faboideae]]
       }}
      }}
     }}
    }}
   }}
  }}
}}

==== Taxonomy ====

The Fabaceae are placed in the order [[Fabales]] according to most taxonomic systems, including the [[APG III system]].<ref name=APGIII2009 /> The family now includes six subfamilies:<ref name="6subfamilies"/>
* [[Cercidoideae]]: 12 genera and ~335 species. Mainly tropical. ''[[Bauhinia]]'', ''[[Cercis]]''.
* [[Detarioideae]]: 84 genera and ~760 species. Mainly tropical. ''[[Amherstia]]'', ''[[Detarium]]'', ''[[Tamarindus]]''.
* [[Duparquetioideae]]: 1 genus and 1 species. West and Central Africa. ''[[Duparquetia]]''.
* [[Dialioideae]]: 17 genera and ~85 species. Widespread throughout the tropics. ''[[Dialium]]''.
* [[Caesalpinioideae]]: 148 genera and ~4400 species. [[Pantropical]]. ''[[Caesalpinia]]'', ''[[Senna (plant)|Senna]]'', ''[[Mimosa]]'', ''[[Acacia]]''. Includes the former subfamily [[Mimosoideae]] (80 genera and ~3200 species; mostly tropical and warm temperate Asia and America).
* [[Faboideae]] (Papilionoideae<ref>NOTE: The subfamilial name Papilionoideae for Faboideae is approved by the [[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants]], Article 19.8</ref>): 503 genera and ~14,000 species. [[Cosmopolitan distribution|Cosmopolitan]]. ''[[Astragalus (plant)|Astragalus]]'', ''[[Lupinus]]'', ''[[Pisum]]''.