Editing Euphorbia (section)

=== Subgenera ===
[[Image:Euphorbiinae tree.png|thumb|Simplified diagram of relations in subtribe [[Euphorbiinae]], 2006<ref name="Bruyns"/>]]

The genus ''Euphorbia'' is one of the largest and most complex genera of flowering plants, and several botanists have made unsuccessful attempts to subdivide the genus into numerous smaller genera. According to the recent [[phylogenetic]] studies,<ref name="Steinmann_Porter"/><ref name="Steinmann-2003" /><ref name="Bruyns"/> ''Euphorbia'' can be divided into four subgenera, each containing several [[section (botany)|section]]s and groups. Of these, subgenus ''[[Euphorbia esula|Esula]]'' is the most [[basal (evolution)|basal]]. The subgenera ''[[Chamaesyce]]'' and ''[[Euphorbia (subgenus)|Euphorbia]]'' are probably [[sister taxa]], but very closely related to subgenus ''Rhizanthium''. Extensive [[xeromorph]] adaptations in all probability [[evolution|evolve]]d several times;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Horn |first1=James W. |last2=van Ee |first2=Benjamin W. |last3=Morawetz |first3=Jeffery J. |last4=Riina |first4=Ricarda |last5=Steinmann |first5=Victor W. |last6=Berry |first6=Paul E. |last7=Wurdack |first7=Kenneth J. |date=May 2012 |title=Phylogenetics and the evolution of major structural characters in the giant genus Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae) |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22273597/ |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=305–326 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.022 |issn=1095-9513 |pmid=22273597|bibcode=2012MolPE..63..305H |hdl=10261/169091 |s2cid=22055432 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> it is not known if the common ancestor of the cactus-like ''Rhizanthium'' and ''Euphorbia'' lineages had been xeromorphic—in which case a more normal morphology would have re-evolved namely in ''Chamaesyce''—or whether extensive xeromorphism is entirely [[polyphyletic]] even to the level of the subgenera.

* '''''Esula'''''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Riina |first1=Ricarda |last2=Peirson |first2=Jess A. |last3=Geltman |first3=Dmitry V. |last4=Molero |first4=Julián |last5=Frajman |first5=Božo |last6=Pahlevani |first6=Amirhossein |last7=Barres |first7=Laia |last8=Morawetz |first8=Jeffery J. |last9=Salmaki |first9=Yasaman |last10=Zarre |first10=Shahin |last11=Kryukov |first11=Aleksey |last12=Bruyns |first12=Peter V. |last13=Berry |first13=Paul E. |date=2013-04-20 |title=A worldwide molecular phylogeny and classification of the leafy spurges, Euphorbia subgenus Esula (Euphorbiaceae) |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.12705/622.3 |journal=Taxon |language=en |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=316–342 |doi=10.12705/622.3|bibcode=2013Taxon..62..316R }}</ref>
<gallery>
Image:Light green flowers.jpg|[[Wood spurge]]<br/>''Euphorbia amygdaloides''
Image:Zypressenwolfsmilch01.jpg|[[Cypress spurge]]<br/>''Euphorbia cyparissias''
Image:Euphorbia esula.jpeg|[[Leafy spurge]]<br/>''Euphorbia esula''
Image:Euphorbia myrsinites.JPG|[[Myrtle spurge]]<br />''Euphorbia myrsinites''
</gallery>

* '''''Rhizanthium'''''
<gallery>
Image:Euphorbia ferox2 ies.jpg|''[[Euphorbia ferox]]''
Image:E flanaganii ies.jpg|''[[Euphorbia flanaganii]]''
Image:E meloformis valida ies.jpg|[[Euphorbia meloformis|''Euphorbia meloformis'' ssp. ''valida'']]
Image:E obesa symmetrica ies.jpg|[[Euphorbia obesa|''Euphorbia obesa'' ssp. ''symmetrica'']]
</gallery>

* '''''Chamaesyce'''''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Ya |last2=Riina |first2=Ricarda |last3=Morawetz |first3=Jeffery J. |last4=Haevermans |first4=Thomas |last5=Aubriot |first5=Xavier |last6=Berry |first6=Paul E. |date=August 2012 |title=Molecular phylogenetics and classification of Euphorbia subgenus Chamaesyce (Euphorbiaceae) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/tax.614005 |journal=Taxon |language=en |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=764–789 |doi=10.1002/tax.614005|bibcode=2012Taxon..61..764Y |hdl=2027.42/146846 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
<gallery>
Image:Chamaesyce cyathia.jpg|''[[Euphorbia celastroides]]''
Image:Euphorbia heterophylla with cyathia.JPG|[[Painted euphorbia]]<br />''Euphorbia heterophylla''
Image:E pulcherrima ies.jpg|[[Poinsettia]]<br />''Euphorbia pulcherrima''
Image:E rivae ies.jpg|''[[Euphorbia rivae]]''
</gallery>

* '''''Euphorbia'''''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dorsey |first1=Brian L. |last2=Haevermans |first2=Thomas |last3=Aubriot |first3=Xavier |last4=Morawetz |first4=Jeffery J. |last5=Riina |first5=Ricarda |last6=Steinmann |first6=Victor W. |last7=Berry |first7=Paul E. |date=2013-04-20 |title=Phylogenetics, morphological evolution, and classification of Euphorbia subgenus Euphorbia |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.12705/622.1 |journal=Taxon |language=en |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=291–315 |doi=10.12705/622.1|bibcode=2013Taxon..62..291D |hdl=2027.42/146962 |s2cid=87352157 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
<gallery>
Image:E actinoclada ies.jpg|''[[Euphorbia actinoclada]]''
Image:E attastoma attastoma ies.jpg|[[Euphorbia attastoma|''Euphorbia attastoma'' var. ''attastoma'']]
Image:E confinalis rhodesica ies.jpg|[[Euphorbia confinalis|''Euphorbia confinalis'' ssp. ''rhodesica'']]
Image:E lupulina ies.jpg|''[[Euphorbia lupulina]]''
Image:Euphorbia neriifolia Hong Kong.jpg|''[[Euphorbia neriifolia]]''
</gallery>