Editing Ethics (section)

=== Other traditions ===
There are many other schools of normative ethics in addition to the three main traditions. [[Pragmatist ethics]] focuses on the role of practice and holds that one of the key tasks of ethics is to solve practical problems in concrete situations. It has certain similarities to utilitarianism and its focus on consequences but concentrates more on how morality is embedded in and relative to social and cultural contexts. Pragmatists tend to give more importance to [[habit]]s than to conscious deliberation and understand morality as a habit that should be shaped in the right way.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Peterson|2020|pp=[https://academic.oup.com/book/40526/chapter-abstract/347844589?redirectedFrom=fulltext 65–66]}} | {{harvnb|Legg|Hookway|2021|loc=§ 6.2 Ethics}} | {{harvnb|LaFollette|2007|loc=§ The Primacy of Habits, § Morality Is a Habit}} }}</ref>

[[Postmodernism|Postmodern]] ethics agrees with pragmatist ethics about the [[cultural relativity]] of morality. It rejects the idea that there are objective moral principles that apply universally to all cultures and traditions. It asserts that there is no one coherent ethical code since morality itself is irrational and humans are morally ambivalent beings.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Bauman|1993|pp=8–13}} | {{harvnb|Kendall|2017|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VyRIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 195–196]}} }}</ref> Postmodern ethics instead focuses on how moral demands arise in specific situations as one encounters other people.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Connor|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dfpJqgYC7x8C&pg=PA15 15]}} | {{harvnb|Eaglestone|2004|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dfpJqgYC7x8C&pg=PA182 182, 186–187]}} }}</ref>

[[File:EMB - Buddha stehend.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=Photo of Buddha statue|The practices of [[Karuṇā|compassion]] and [[Mettā|loving-kindness]] are key elements of [[Buddhist ethics]].]]

Ethical egoism is the view that people should act in their [[self-interest]] or that an action is morally right if the person acts for their own benefit. It differs from [[psychological egoism]], which states that people actually follow their self-interest without claiming that they should do so. Ethical egoists may act in agreement with commonly accepted moral expectations and benefit other people, for example, by keeping promises, helping friends, and cooperating with others. However, they do so only as a means to promote their self-interest. Ethical egoism is often criticized as an immoral and [[contradictory]] position.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Shaver|2023|loc=Lead section, § 2. Ethical Egoism}} | {{harvnb|McEwan|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7ebzqK53ay8C&pg=PA87 87]}} | {{harvnb|Fernando|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_32bJs_nfNIC&pg=SA2-PA6 2.6]}} }}</ref>

Normative ethics has a central place [[Ethics in religion|in most religions]]. Key aspects of [[Jewish ethics]] are to follow the [[613 commandments|613 commandments of God]] according to the ''[[Mitzvah]]'' duty found in the [[Torah]] and to [[Tikkun Olam|take responsibility for societal welfare]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Bollag|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zMs-_Giyk6QC&pg=PA15 15–16]}} | {{harvnb|Blidstein|1995|pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23260803 5–6]}} }}</ref> [[Christian ethics]] puts less emphasis on following precise laws and teaches instead the practice of [[agape|selfless love]], such as the [[Great Commandment]] to "Love your neighbor as yourself".<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Beach|1988|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OUtss9YhnvEC&pg=PA36 36]}} | {{harvnb|Porter|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KF6MauIHGKgC&pg=PA73 73]}} }}</ref> The [[Five Pillars of Islam]] constitute a basic framework of Muslim ethics and focus on the practice of [[Shahada|faith]], [[Salat|prayer]], [[Zakat|charity]], [[Sawm|fasting during Ramadan]], and [[Hajj|pilgrimage to Mecca]].<ref>{{harvnb|Verhoeven|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RYpTAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 27]}}</ref>

Buddhists emphasize the importance of [[Karuṇā|compassion]] and [[Mettā|loving-kindness]] towards all sentient entities.<ref>{{harvnb|Chowdhury|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qy2bDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA494 494]}}</ref> A similar outlook is found in [[Jainism]], which has [[Ahimsa|non-violence]] as its principal virtue.<ref>{{harvnb|Beaman|Strumos|2022|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0OV5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 76]}}</ref> [[Dharma|Duty]] is a central aspect of [[Hindu ethics]] and is about fulfilling social obligations, which may vary depending on [[Caste system in India|a person's social class]] and [[Āśrama (stage)|stage of life]].<ref>{{harvnb|Chakraborti|2023|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=f5jXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 122]}}</ref> [[Confucianism]] places great emphasis on harmony in society and sees [[Ren (philosophy)|benevolence]] as a key virtue.<ref>{{harvnb|Wu|Wokutch|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5m9yq0Eu-vsC&pg=PT474 404]}}</ref> [[Taoism]] extends the importance of living in harmony to the whole world and teaches that people should practice [[Wu wei|effortless action]] by following [[Tao|the natural flow of the universe]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Ames|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KfeOAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1685 1681]}} | {{harvnb|Brannigan|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=axvPxswqNLQC&pg=PA145 145]}} }}</ref> Indigenous belief systems, like [[Native American philosophy]] and the African [[Ubuntu philosophy]], often emphasize the interconnectedness of all living beings and the environment while stressing the importance of living in harmony with nature.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Ntuli|2002|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=h9HDYNhYqfAC&pg=PA58 58–60]}} | {{harvnb|Sinclair|2022|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yhwrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA96 96–97]}} }}</ref>