Editing Enema (section)

==== Chronic treatments ====
===== Transanal irrigation =====
{{Main|Transanal irrigation}}
''TAI'', also termed ''retrograde irrigation'', is designed to assist evacuation using a water enema<ref name=Emmanuel2013>{{cite journal|last1=Emmanuel|first1=A V|last2=Krogh|first2=K|last3=Bazzocchi|first3=G|last4=Leroi|first4=A-M|last5=Bremers|first5=A|last6=Leder|first6=D|last7=van Kuppevelt|first7=D|last8=Mosiello|first8=G|last9=Vogel|first9=M|last10=Perrouin-Verbe|first10=B|last11=Coggrave|first11=M|last12=Christensen|first12=P|title=Consensus review of best practice of transanal irrigation in adults|journal=Spinal Cord|date=20 August 2013|volume=51|issue=10|pages=732–738|doi=10.1038/sc.2013.86|pmid=23958927|doi-access=free}}</ref> as a treatment for persons with bowel dysfunction, including [[fecal incontinence]] or constipation, especially [[obstructed defecation]]. By regularly emptying the bowel using transanal irrigation,<ref name="Consensus review 2013">[http://www.nature.com/sc/journal/v51/n10/pdf/sc201386a.pdf], Consensus review of best practice of transanal irrigation in adults A V Emmanuel et al. Spinal Cord 2013.</ref> controlled bowel function is often re-established to a high degree, thus enabling a consistent bowel routine development.<ref name="Consensus review 2013" />  Its effectiveness varies considerably, some individuals experiencing complete control of incontinence but others reporting little or no benefit.<ref name=Emmanuel2013 />

An international consensus on when and how to use transanal irrigation for people with bowel problems was published in 2013, offering practitioners a clear, comprehensive and straightforward guide to practice for the emerging therapeutic area of transanal irrigation.<ref name="Consensus review 2013" />

The term ''retrograde irrigation'' distinguishes this procedure from the [[Malone antegrade continence enema]], where irrigation fluid is introduced into the colon proximal to the anus via a surgically created irrigation port.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Spinelli |first1=Michele |last2=Sampogna |first2=Gianluca |last3=Rizzato |first3=Luigi |last4=Spinelli |first4=Antonella |last5=Sammartano |first5=Fabrizio |last6=Cimbanassi |first6=Stefania |last7=Montanari |first7=Emanuele |last8=Chiara |first8=Osvaldo |date=2021-04-23 |title=The Malone antegrade continence enema adapting a transanal irrigation system in patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction |journal=Spinal Cord Series and Cases |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=34 |doi=10.1038/s41394-021-00397-3 |issn=2058-6124 |pmc=8065210 |pmid=33893272}}</ref>

===== Bowel management =====
{{Main|Bowel management}}
Patients who have a bowel disability, a medical condition which impairs control of [[defecation]], e.g., fecal incontinence or constipation,<ref name="Bowel management definition">{{cite web|title=Bowel Management After Spinal Cord Injury|url=http://www.sci-info-pages.com/bowel.html|website=sci-info-pages.com|date=2 June 2019|language=en}}</ref> can use bowel management techniques to choose a predictable time and place to evacuate.<ref name="Bowel management definition"/> Without bowel management, such persons might either suffer from the feeling of not getting relief or soil themselves.<ref name="Bowel management definition"/>

While simple techniques might include a controlled [[Healthy diet|diet]] and establishing a toilet routine,<ref name="Bowel management definition"/> a daily enema can be taken to empty the colon, thus preventing unwanted and uncontrolled bowel movements that day.<ref name="ReferenceA">Peña A, Guardino K, Tovilla JM, Levitt MA, Rodriguez G, Torres R Bowel management for fecal incontinence in patients with anorectal malformations Pediatr. Surg. 33:1 133–7 1998</ref>