Editing Emotion (section)

=== Pre-modern history ===
In Hinduism, [[Bharata Muni]] enunciated the nine rasas (emotions) in the ''[[Nātyasāstra]]'', an ancient Sanskrit text of [[dramatic theory]] and other performance arts, written between 200 BC and 200 AD.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Natyashastra |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0071.xml |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=obo |language=en}}</ref> The theory of [[Rasa (aesthetics)|rasas]] still forms the [[Aesthetics|aesthetic]] underpinning of all Indian classical dance and theatre, such as [[Bharatanatyam]], [[kathak]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Odissi]], [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]], [[Kudiyattam]], [[Kathakali]] and others.<ref name=":2" /> [[Bharata Muni]] established the following: [[Srungara|Śṛṅgāraḥ]] (शृङ्गारः): Romance / Love / attractiveness, [[Hāsya|Hāsyam]] (हास्यं): Laughter / mirth / comedy, Raudram (रौद्रं): Fury / Anger, [[Karuṇā|Kāruṇyam]] (कारुण्यं): Compassion / mercy, Bībhatsam (बीभत्सं): Disgust / aversion, [[Bhayānaka|Bhayānakam]] (भयानकं): Horror / terror, Veeram (वीरं): Pride / Heroism, Adbhutam (अद्भुतं): Surprise / wonder.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A rasa reader: classical Indian aesthetics |date=2016 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-17390-2 |editor-last=Pollock |editor-first=Sheldon I. |series=Historical sourcebooks in classical Indian thought |location=New York}}</ref>

In [[Buddhism]], emotions occur when an object is considered attractive or repulsive. There is a felt tendency impelling people towards attractive objects and propelling them to move away from repulsive or harmful objects; a disposition to possess the object (greed), to destroy it (hatred), to flee from it (fear), to get obsessed or worried over it (anxiety), and so on.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Psychology of Emotions in Buddhist Perspective|vauthors=de Silva P|year=1976|url=https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/desilva-p/wheel237.html|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109030102/https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/desilva-p/wheel237.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Stoicism|Stoic]] theories, normal emotions (like delight and fear) are described as irrational impulses that come from incorrect appraisals of what is 'good' or 'bad'. Alternatively, there are 'good emotions' (like joy and caution) experienced by those that are wise, which come from correct appraisals of what is 'good' and 'bad'.<ref>{{cite book|last=Arius Didymus|title="Epitome of Stoic Ethics" in the Anthology of Stobaeus|at=Book 2. Chapter 7. Section 10|url=https://www.stoictherapy.com/elibrary-epitome#10|access-date=18 January 2021|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118014519/https://www.stoictherapy.com/elibrary-epitome#10|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cicero|title=Tusculan Disputations|at=Book 4. Section 6|url=http://www.john-uebersax.com/plato/passions.htm|access-date=18 January 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414123551/http://www.john-uebersax.com/plato/passions.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Aristotle]] believed that emotions were an essential component of [[virtue]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Aristotle|title=Nicomachean Ethics|at=Book 2. Chapter 6|url=http://www.constitution.org/ari/ethic_02.htm#2.6|access-date=5 February 2013|archive-date=29 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029104527/http://www.constitution.org/ari/ethic_02.htm#2.6|url-status=live}}</ref> In the Aristotelian view all emotions (called passions) corresponded to appetites or capacities. During the [[Middle Ages]], the Aristotelian view was adopted and further developed by [[scholasticism]] and [[Thomas Aquinas]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Aquinas|first=Thomas|name-list-style=vanc|title=Summa Theologica|at=Q.59, Art.2|url=http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2059.htm|access-date=5 February 2013|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127221643/http://newadvent.org/summa/2059.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> in particular.

In Chinese antiquity, excessive emotion was believed to cause damage to ''[[qi]]'', which in turn, damages the vital organs.<ref name="Suchy 2011">{{cite book|last=Suchy|first=Yana|name-list-style=vanc|title=Clinical neuropsychology of emotion|year=2011|publisher=Guilford|location=New York}}</ref> The [[humorism|four humors]] theory made popular by [[Hippocrates]] contributed to the study of emotion in the same way that it did for [[medicine]].

In the early 11th century, [[Avicenna]] theorized about the influence of emotions on health and behaviors, suggesting the need to manage emotions.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Haque|first=Amber|s2cid=38740431|name-list-style=vanc|date=2004|title=Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists|jstor=27512819|journal=Journal of Religion and Health|volume=43|issue=4|pages=357–377|doi=10.1007/s10943-004-4302-z}}</ref>

Early modern views on emotion are developed in the works of philosophers such as [[René Descartes]], [[Niccolò Machiavelli]], [[Baruch Spinoza]],<ref>See for instance Antonio Damasio (2005) ''Looking for Spinoza''.{{ISBN?}}{{page?|date=May 2023}}</ref> [[Thomas Hobbes]]<ref>Leviathan (1651), VI: Of the Interior Beginnings of Voluntary Notions, Commonly called the Passions; and the Speeches by which They are Expressed</ref> and [[David Hume]]. In the 19th century emotions were considered adaptive and were studied more frequently from an [[empiricism|empiricist]] psychiatric perspective.