Editing Edinburgh Castle (section)

===Garrison fortress: Jacobites and prisoners of war===
[[File:Prospect of Edinburgh Castle from the East (c.1753).jpg|thumb|An engraving of Edinburgh Castle made shortly before the creation of the Esplanade was begun in 1753]]
After his [[English Restoration|Restoration]] in 1660, Charles II opted to maintain a full-time [[standing army]] based on Cromwell's [[New Model Army]]. From this time until 1923, a garrison was continuously maintained at the castle.<ref>MacIvor (1993), p. 82.</ref> The medieval royal castle was transformed into a garrison fortress, but continued to see military and political action. The [[Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll|Marquis of Argyll]] was imprisoned here in 1661, when [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]] settled old scores with his enemies following his return to the throne. Twenty years later, Argyll's son, the [[Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll|9th Earl of Argyll]], was also imprisoned in the castle for religious [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|Nonconformism]] in the reign of [[James II of England|King James VII]]. He escaped by disguising himself as his sister's [[footman]], but was recaptured and returned to the castle after his failed rebellion to oust James from the throne in 1685.<ref name=Salter48/>

James VII was deposed and exiled by the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688, which installed [[William III of England|William of Orange]] as King of England. Not long after, in early 1689, the [[Parliament of Scotland|Estates of Scotland]], after convening to accept William formally as their new king, demanded that [[George Gordon, 1st Duke of Gordon|Duke of Gordon]], Governor of the Castle, surrender the fortress. Gordon, who had been appointed by James VII as a fellow Catholic, refused. In March 1689, the castle was blockaded by 7,000 troops against a garrison of 160 men, further weakened by religious disputes. On 18 March, [[John Graham, 1st Viscount of Dundee|Viscount Dundee]], intent on raising a rebellion in the Highlands, climbed up the western side of the Castle Rock to urge Gordon to hold the castle against the new King.<ref>Scott, p. 101.</ref> Gordon agreed, but during the ensuing siege he refused to fire upon the town, while the besiegers inflicted little damage on the castle. Despite Dundee's initial successes in the north, Gordon eventually surrendered on 14 June, due to dwindling supplies and having lost 70 men during the three-month siege.<ref>Gray, pp. 59–63.</ref><ref>Tabraham (2008), p. 58.</ref>
[[File:edinpain.JPG|thumb|left|upright|alt=Painting of the castle under a stormy sky|''Edinburgh Castle with the Nor Loch in foreground'', around 1780, by [[Alexander Nasmyth]]]]

The castle was almost taken in the [[Jacobite rising of 1715|first Jacobite rising]] in support of [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James Stuart]], the "Old Pretender", in 1715. On 8 September, just two days after the rising began, a party of around 100 Jacobite Highlanders, led by [[James Drummond, 2nd Duke of Perth|Lord Drummond]], attempted to scale the walls with the assistance of members of the garrison. However, the rope ladder lowered by the castle sentries was too short, and the alarm was raised after a change of the watch. The Jacobites fled, while the deserters within the castle were hanged or flogged.<ref>Gray, pp. 65–66.</ref> In 1728, [[George Wade|General Wade]] reported that the castle's defences were decayed and inadequate,<ref name=Salter48/> and a major strengthening of the fortifications was carried out throughout the 1720s and 1730s. This was the period when most of the artillery defences and [[bastion]]s on the north and west sides of the castle were built. These were designed by military engineer Captain [[John Lambertus Romer|John Romer]], and built by the architect [[William Adam (architect)|William Adam]]. They include the Argyle Battery, Mills Mount Battery, the Low Defences and the Western Defences.<ref>{{Historic Environment Scotland|num=LB28010|desc=Edinburgh Castle, Batteries, including Argyle, Dury's, Forewall, Half-Moon, and Western Defences|cat=A|access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref>

The last military action at the castle took place during the [[Jacobite Rising of 1745|second Jacobite rising]] of 1745. The Jacobite army, under [[Charles Edward Stuart]] ("Bonnie Prince Charlie"), captured Edinburgh without a fight in September 1745, but the castle remained in the hands of its ageing Deputy Governor, General [[George Preston (Jacobite)|George Preston]], who refused to surrender.<ref>Gibson, p. 30.</ref> After their victory over the government army at [[Battle of Prestonpans|Prestonpans]] on 21 September, the Jacobites attempted to blockade the castle. Preston's response was to bombard Jacobite positions within the town. After several buildings had been demolished and four people killed, Charles called off the blockade.<ref>Gibson, pp. 38–42.</ref><ref>Gray, p. 72.</ref> The Jacobites themselves had no heavy guns with which to respond, and by November they had marched into England, leaving Edinburgh to the castle garrison.<ref>Gibson, p. 56.</ref>

Over the next century, the castle vaults were used to hold prisoners of war during several conflicts, including the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763), the [[American War of Independence]] (1775–1783) and the [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803–1815).<ref>Tabraham (2004), pp. 25–35.</ref> During this time, several new buildings were erected within the castle, including powder magazines, stores, the Governor's House (1742),<ref>{{cite book|title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Europe|publisher=Dorling Kindersley Ltd|page=84|year=2010|isbn=9781405353045}}</ref> and the New Barracks (1796–1799).<ref>MacIver 1993, p. 100.</ref>