Editing Early modern human (section)

==Recent evolution==
{{main|Recent human evolution}}
{{further|Human genetic variation|Race and genetics|Sexual selection in humans}}
[[File:Em - Homo sapiens man model - 3.jpg|thumb|210px|Reconstruction of a modern man from southwestern Europe {{c.|30 000 years BP}}, London Natural History Museum.]]
Following the [[peopling of Africa]] some 130,000 years ago, and the [[Coastal migration|recent Out-of-Africa]] expansion some 70,000 to 50,000 years ago, some sub-populations of ''H. sapiens'' had been essentially [[geographic isolation|isolated]] for tens of thousands of years prior to the early modern [[Age of Discovery]]. Combined with [[Archaic human admixture with modern humans|archaic admixture]] this has resulted in significant [[human genetic variation|genetic variation]], which in some instances has been shown to be the result of [[directional selection]] taking place over the past 15,000 years, i.e., significantly later than possible archaic admixture events.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/07/science/07evolve.html |title=Still Evolving, Human Genes Tell New Story |last=Wade |first=N |date=2006-03-07 |access-date=2008-07-10 |newspaper=The New York Times }}</ref>

Some climatic adaptations, such as [[high-altitude adaptation in humans]], are thought to have been acquired by archaic admixture. [[Introgression]] of genetic variants acquired by [[Neanderthal admixture]] have different distributions in [[Caucasoid|European]] and [[Mongoloid|East Asians]], reflecting differences in recent selective pressures. A 2014 study reported that Neanderthal-derived variants found in East Asian populations showed clustering in functional groups related to [[Complement system|immune]] and [[Haematopoiesis|haematopoietic pathways]], while European populations showed clustering in functional groups related to the [[Catabolism|lipid catabolic process]].{{refn|group=note|"Specifically, genes in the LCP [lipid catabolic process] term had the greatest excess of NLS in populations of European descent, with an average NLS frequency of 20.8±2.6% versus 5.9±0.08% genome wide (two-sided t-test, P<0.0001, n{{=}}379 Europeans and n{{=}}246 Africans). Further, among examined out-of-Africa human populations, the excess of NLS [Neanderthal-like genomic sites] in LCP genes was only observed in individuals of European descent: the average NLS frequency in Asians is 6.7±0.7% in LCP genes versus 6.2±0.06% genome wide."<ref>{{cite journal|first1=E |last1=Khrameeva |first2=K |last2=Bozek |first3=L |last3=He |first4=Z |last4=Yan |first5=X |last5=Jiang |first6=Y |last6=Wei |first7=K |last7=Tang |first8=MS |last8=Gelfand |first9=K |last9=Prüfer |first10=J |last10=Kelso |first11=S |last11=Pääbo |first12=P |last12=Giavalisco |first13=M |last13=Lachmann |first14=P |last14=Khaitovich |title=Neanderthal ancestry drives evolution of lipid catabolism in contemporary Europeans |journal=Nature Communications |volume=5 |page=3584 |number=3584 |year=2014 |doi=10.1038/ncomms4584|pmid=24690587 |pmc=3988804 |bibcode=2014NatCo...5.3584K }}</ref>}} A 2017 study found correlation of [[Neanderthal admixture]] in phenotypic traits in modern European populations.<ref>Michael Dannemann 1 and Janet Kelso, "The Contribution of Neanderthals to Phenotypic Variation in Modern Humans", ''The American Journal of Human Genetics 101'', 578–589, October 5, 2017.</ref>

Physiological or phenotypical changes have been traced to Upper Paleolithic mutations, such as the East Asian variant of the ''[[EDAR]]'' gene, dated to c. 35,000 years ago.{{refn|group=note|Traits affected by the mutation are sweat glands, teeth, hair thickness and breast tissue.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kamberov |first1=Yana G |url= |title=Modeling Recent Human Evolution in Mice by Expression of a Selected EDAR Variant |journal=Cell |volume=152 |issue=4 |pages=691–702 |date=14 February 2013 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2013.01.016|pmid=23415220 |pmc=3575602 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/15/science/studying-recent-human-evolution-at-the-genetic-level.html |title=East Asian Physical Traits Linked to 35,000-Year-Old Mutation |newspaper=The New York Times |date=14 February 2013 |last=Wade |first=Nicholas |access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref>}}

Recent divergence of Eurasian lineages was sped up significantly during the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] (LGM), the [[Mesolithic]] and the [[Neolithic]], due to increased selection pressures and due to [[founder effect]]s associated with [[prehistoric migrations|migration]].<ref name=Beleza2012>{{cite journal |title=The timing of pigmentation lightening in Europeans |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |year=2012 |doi=10.1093/molbev/mss207 |pmid=22923467 |pmc=3525146 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=24–35 |last1=Beleza |first1=Sandra |last2=Santos |first2=A. M. |last3=McEvoy |first3=B. |last4=Alves |first4=I. |last5=Martinho |first5=C. |last6=Cameron |first6=E. |last7=Shriver |first7=M. D. |last8=Parra |first8=E. J. |last9=Rocha |first9=J.}}</ref> Alleles predictive of [[light skin]] have been found in [[Neanderthal genome|Neanderthals]],<ref name=Lalu>{{cite journal|last1=Lalueza-Fox |title=A melanocortin-1 receptor allele suggests varying pigmentation among Neanderthals |journal=Science |year=2007 |volume=318 |issue=5855 |pages=1453–1455 |pmid=17962522 |last2=Römpler |first2=H |last3=Caramelli |first3=D |last4=Stäubert |first4=C |last5=Catalano |first5=G |last6=Hughes |first6=D |last7=Rohland |first7=N |last8=Pilli |first8=E |last9=Longo |first9=L |last10=Condemi |first10=S |last11=de la Rasilla |first11=M |last12=Fortea |first12=J |last13=Rosas |first13=A |last14=Stoneking |first14=M |last15=Schöneberg |first15=T |last16=Bertranpetit |first16=J |last17=Hofreiter |first17=M |doi=10.1126/science.1147417 |display-authors=etal |bibcode=2007Sci...318.1453L|s2cid=10087710 |s2cid-access=free}}</ref> but the alleles for light skin in Europeans and East Asians, associated with [[KITLG]] and [[Agouti signalling peptide|ASIP]], are ({{as of|2012|lc=y}}) thought to have not been acquired by archaic admixture but recent mutations since the LGM.<ref name=Beleza2012 /> Phenotypes associated with the "[[white people|white]]" or "[[Caucasian race|Caucasian]]" populations of Western Eurasian stock emerge during the LGM, from about 19,000 years ago. Average [[cranial capacity]] in modern human populations varies in the range of 1,200 to 1,450&nbsp;cm<sup>3</sup> for adult males. Larger cranial volume is associated with climatic region, the largest averages being found in populations of [[Siberia]] and the [[Arctic]].{{refn|group=note|"We offer an alternative hypothesis that suggests that hominid expansion into regions of cold climate produced change in head shape. Such change in shape contributed to the increased cranial volume. Bioclimatic effects directly upon body size (and indirectly upon brain size) in combination with cranial globularity appear to be a fairly powerful explanation of ethnic group differences." (figure in Beals, p304)<ref name=Beals1984>{{cite journal|first1=Kenneth L |last1=Beals |first2=Courtland L |last2=Smith |first3=Stephen M |last3=Dodd |title=Brain Size, Cranial Morphology, Climate, and Time Machines |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=25 |number=3 |year=1984 |pages=301–330 |doi=10.1086/203138|s2cid=86147507 }}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite journal|url= http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/69706893/morphological-adaptation-climate-modern-homo-sapiens-crania-importance-basicranial-breadth |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141011075329/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/69706893/morphological-adaptation-climate-modern-homo-sapiens-crania-importance-basicranial-breadth |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2014-10-11 |title=Morphological Adaptation to Climate in Modern Homo sapiens Crania: The Importance of Basicranial Breadth |first1=Wioletta |last1=Nowaczewska |first2=Pawel |last2=Dabrowski |last3=Kuźmiński |first3=Lukasz |journal=Collegium Antropologicum |year=2011 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=625–636 |pmid=22053534 }}</ref> Both [[Neanderthal]] and [[EEMH]] had somewhat larger cranial volumes on average than modern Europeans, suggesting the relaxation of selection pressures for larger brain volume after the end of the LGM.<ref name=Beals1984 />

Examples for still later adaptations related to [[Neolithic Revolution|agriculture]] and [[animal domestication]] including [[East Asian race|East Asian]] types of [[ADH1B]] associated with [[Oryza sativa#Continental East Asia|rice domestication]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Peng | first1 = Y. | display-authors = etal | year = 2010 | title = The ADH1B Arg47His polymorphism in East Asian populations and expansion of rice domestication in history | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | page = 15 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-10-15 | pmid = 20089146 | pmc = 2823730 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2010BMCEE..10...15P }}</ref> or [[lactase persistence]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ségurel |first1=Laure |last2=Bon |first2=Céline |date=2017 |title=On the Evolution of Lactase Persistence in Humans |journal=Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=297–319 |doi=10.1146/annurev-genom-091416-035340 |pmid=28426286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ingram |first1=Catherine J. E. |last2=Mulcare |first2=Charlotte A. |last3=Itan |first3=Yuval |last4=Thomas |first4=Mark G. |last5=Swallow |first5=Dallas M. |date=2008-11-26 |title=Lactose digestion and the evolutionary genetics of lactase persistence |journal=Human Genetics |language=en |volume=124 |issue=6 |pages=579–591 |doi=10.1007/s00439-008-0593-6 |pmid=19034520 |s2cid=3329285 |issn=0340-6717}}</ref> are due to recent selection pressures.

An even more recent adaptation has been proposed for the Austronesian [[Sama-Bajau]], developed under selection pressures associated with subsisting on [[freediving]] over the past thousand years or so.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Ilardo |first1=M. A. |last2= Moltke |first2= I. |last3= Korneliussen |first3=T. S. |last4= Cheng |first4= J. |last5= Stern |first5=A. J. |last6= Racimo |first6= F. |last7=de Barros Damgaard |first7= P. |last8= Sikora |first8= M. |last9= Seguin-Orlando |first9= A. |last10= Rasmussen |first10= S. |last11=van den Munckhof |first11=I. C. L. |last12=ter Horst |first12= R. |last13= Joosten |first13=L. A. B. |last14=Netea |first14=M. G. |last15=Salingkat |first15=S. |last16=Nielsen |first16=R. |last17=Willerslev |first17=E. |title=Physiological and Genetic Adaptations to Diving in Sea Nomads |journal= Cell |volume= 173 |issue= 3 |date= 2018-04-18 |pages= 569–580.e15 |doi= 10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.054 |pmid=29677510|doi-access= free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gislén |first1=A |last2=Dacke |first2=M |last3=Kröger |first3=RH |last4=Abrahamsson |first4=M |last5=Nilsson |first5=DE |last6=Warrant |first6=EJ |title=Superior Underwater Vision in a Human Population of Sea Gypsies |journal=Current Biology |year=2003 |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=833–836 |doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00290-2|pmid=12747831 |s2cid=18731746 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2003CBio...13..833G }}</ref>