Editing Dorking (section)

===Residential development===
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Although the turnpike road through Dorking had been constructed in the 1750s,<ref name=Overell_1991_pp39-40/> the built-up part of the town had changed little by the start of the 19th century.<ref name=Brigham_1997>{{cite journal |last1=Brigham |first1=Allan |year=1997 |title=Rose Hill – adapted from nature: the making of a new townscape – the first residential estate in Dorking |url=https://www.surreyarchaeology.org.uk/sites/default/files/Surrey%20History%205-4.pdf |journal=Surrey History |volume=V |issue=4 |pages=194–211 |access-date=22 December 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102101954/https://www.surreyarchaeology.org.uk/sites/default/files/Surrey%20History%205-4.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the local professional class and wealthier tradesmen lived along the three main streets (the High Street, West Street and South Street), whilst the often crowded houses of artisans and labourers tended to be in the narrower lanes and alleys. Poor [[sanitation]] was still a major problem for the poorer residents and, in 1832, a [[cholera outbreak]] was recorded in Ebenezer Place (north of the High Street), where 46 people were crammed into nine cottages.<ref name=Brigham_1997/>

Nevertheless, Dorking was beginning to attract more affluent residents, many of whom had accumulated their wealth as businessmen in London. Charles Barclay (a [[Southwark]] brewery owner) and the bankers [[Joseph Denison (banker)|Joseph Denison]] and [[Thomas Hope (banker, born 1769)|Thomas Hope]] (none of whom had any previous connection with the area) purchased the estates at Bury Hill, Denbies and Deepdene respectively. Higher-status individuals living closer to the town centre included [[William Crawford (London MP)|William Crawford]], the [[City of London]] MP, and [[Jane Elizabeth Leslie, 12th Countess of Rothes|Jane Leslie]], the Dowager Countess of Rothes.<ref name=Brigham_1997/> Although the incoming landowners played little part in local commerce, they appear to have been the driving force behind schemes to [[road surface|pave streets]] and to provide [[gas lighting]] (both paid for by [[subscription (finance)|public subscription]]).<ref name=Jackson_1991_p80>{{harvnb|Ettinger|Jackson|Overell|1991|p=80}}</ref>

[[File:Arch Leading to Rose Hill - geograph.org.uk - 108529.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The mock-Tudor arch leading from South Street to Rose Hill]]
Rose Hill, the first planned residential estate in Dorking, was developed by William Newland, a wealthy Guildford surgeon, who also had interests in the [[Wey and Arun Canal]]. Newland purchased the "Great House" on Butter Hill and the surrounding {{cvt|6.5|ha|acre|sigfig=1}} of land in 1831, which he divided into [[land lot|plots]] for 24 houses, arranged around a central [[paddock]], known as "The Oval". The Great House was divided into two separate dwellings (Butter Hill House and Rose Hill House), adjacent to which a mock-Tudor arch was erected over the main carriageway entrance from South Street. Initially sales were slow, but the proposals for the building of the railway line from Redhill stimulated interest in the development in the late 1840s. Although most of the purchasers were private individuals (the majority of whom had been born outside of the local area), the Dorking [[Quakers|Society of Friends]] bought one of the plots in 1845 for the construction of a [[Friends meeting house|meeting house]].<ref name=Brigham_1997/><ref name=Humphreys_2002_31>{{harvnb|Humphreys|2002|p=31}}</ref> By 1861 the estate was complete.<ref name=Brigham_1997/>

The arrival of the railway in 1849 catalysed the expansion of the town to the south and west. Between 1850 and 1870, the National Freehold Land Society was responsible for housing developments in Arundel and Howard Roads, as well as around Tower Hill. Poorer quality houses were built along Falkland and Hampstead Roads (many of which were replaced in the 1960s and 1970s). Holloway Farm was sold in 1870 and the first houses in Knoll, Roman and Ridgeway Roads were constructed before 1880. Houses in Cliftonville (named after its promoter, Joseph Clift, a local [[pharmacist|chemist]]) were also built around the same time.<ref name=Jackson_1991_p75>{{harvnb|Ettinger|Jackson|Overell|1991|p=75}}</ref> To the north of the High Street, smaller [[semi-detached]] and [[terraced house]]s were constructed in the 1890s for artisans in Rothes Road, Ansell Road, Wathen Road, Hart Road and Jubilee Terrace.<ref name=Jackson_1991_p75/>

No significant residential expansion took place in Dorking in the first two decades of the 20th century. In the 1920s and 1930s, the breakup of the Deepdene and Pippbrook estates (and the electrification of the railway line from Leatherhead) stimulated housebuilding to the north and east of the town, including Deepdene Vale and Deepdene Park.<ref name=Jackson_1991_pp90-92>{{harvnb|Ettinger|Jackson|Overell|1991|pp=90–92}}</ref><ref name=Dorkings_Railways_52>{{harvnb|Jackson|1988|p=52}}</ref> The sale of part of Bradley Farm (part of the Denbies estate) in the 1930s, enabled the building of Ashcombe, Keppel and Calvert Roads. The Dorking UDC intended to build housing on the rest of the farm (now [[Denbies Wine Estate]]), however their plans were interrupted by the [[World War II|outbreak of war]] and were ultimately prevented by the creation of the [[Metropolitan Green Belt]].<ref name=Jackson_1991_pp90-92/>

[[File:Linden Lea, Goodwyns Estate, Dorking (July 2013).JPG|thumb|upright|The 14-storey Linden Lea tower block was built as part of the [[Goodwyns]] estate in 1965.]]
The first [[council house|council housing]] was built in Dorking by the UDC in Nower Road in 1920 and similar developments took place in Marlborough and Beresford Roads later the same decade. In 1936, the council obtained a [[slum clearance in the United Kingdom|Slum Clearance Order]] to demolish 81 properties in Church Street, North Street, Cotmandene and the surrounding areas. In total 217 residents were displaced, many of whom were rehoused by the UDC in the Fraser Gardens estate, designed by the architect [[George Grey Wornum]].{{refn|The Fraser Gardens estate was named after [[Sir Malcolm Fraser, 1st Baronet|Sir Malcolm Fraser]] of Pixham, who donated the funds to purchase the land from the Denbies estate.<ref name=Jackson_1991_pp92-93>{{harvnb|Ettinger|Jackson|Overell|1991|pp=92–93}}</ref><ref name=Times_Fraser_Gardens>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=New Cottages at Dorking |date=19 January 1938 |page=9 |issue=47896}}</ref>|group=note}} The Chart Downs estate to the southeast of the town was built between 1948 and 1952.<ref name=Jackson_1991_pp92-93/><ref name=Times_Fraser_Gardens/>

Controversially,<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |title=Flats rejected |work=Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=3 November 1960 |issue=32829 |page=21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |title=Flats in Green Belt approved |work=Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=15 November 1961 |issue=33149 |page=20}}</ref> in the late 1950s and 1960s, Dorking UDC constructed the [[Goodwyns]] estate on land [[compulsory purchase in England and Wales|compulsorily purchased]] from Howard Martineau, a major local benefactor to the town. The initial designs were by Clifford Culpin and the project was subsequently developed by William Ryder, who was responsible for the erection of the Wenlock Edge and Linden Lea [[tower blocks in Great Britain|tower blocks]].<ref name=Jackson_1991_pp92-93/> Both the design of the buildings and the layout of the estate were praised in the early 1970s by architectural historians [[Ian Nairn]] and [[Nikolaus Pevsner]].<ref name="Pevsner198">{{Harvnb|Nairn|Pevsner|1971|p=198}}</ref>