Editing Doolittle Raid (section)

== Effect ==
[[File:Doolittle Raid Over Tokyo.ogv|thumb|1943 U.S. [[newsreel]] about the raid]]
Compared with the future devastating [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress]] [[Air raids on Japan|attacks against Japan]], the Doolittle raid did little material damage, and all of it was easily repaired. Preliminary reports stated 12 were killed and more than 100 were wounded.{{sfn|Scott|2016|loc=ch. 18}} Eight primary and five secondary targets were struck. In Tokyo, the targets included an oil tank farm, a steel mill, and several power plants. In Yokosuka, at least one bomb from the B-25 piloted by 1st Lt. Edgar E. McElroy struck the nearly completed [[Light aircraft carrier|light carrier]] {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Ryūhō||2}},{{sfn|Craven|Cate|1983|p=442}} delaying her launch until November. Six schools and an army hospital were also hit. Japanese officials reported the two aircraft whose crews were captured had struck their targets.<ref>Shepherd, Joel. [http://www.cv6.org/1942/doolittle/doolittle_2.htm "USS Enterprise CV-6: The most decorated ship of the Second World War"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920172237/http://cv6.org/1942/doolittle/doolittle_2.htm |date=20 September 2010 }}. ''cv6.org''. Retrieved 19 April 2010.</ref>

[[File:Letter of Gratitude to the Doolittle Raiders.jpg|thumb|Letter of Gratitude to the Doolittle Raiders by the Government of the Republic of China and signed by [[Soong Mei-ling]] (1942)]]
Allied ambassadors and staff in Tokyo were still interned until agreement was reached about their repatriation via the neutral port of [[Lourenço Marques]] in Portuguese East Africa in June–July 1942. When [[Joseph Grew]] (US) realized the low-flying planes overhead were American (not Japanese planes on maneuvers) he thought they may have flown from the [[Aleutian Islands]]. The Japanese press claimed that nine had been shot down, but there were no pictures of crashed planes. Embassy staff were "very happy and proud" and the British said that they "drank toasts all day to the American flyers".{{sfn|Grew|1944|pp=526–527}} Sir [[Robert Craigie (diplomat)|Robert Craigie]], the interned [[British Ambassador to Japan]] who was under house arrest in Tokyo at the time, said that Japanese staff had been amused at the embassy's air raid precautions as the idea of an attack on Tokyo was "laughable" with the Allies in retreat, but the guards now showed "considerable excitement and perturbation". Several false alarms followed, and in poorer districts people rushed into the streets shouting and gesticulating, losing their normal "iron control" over their emotions and showing a "tendency to panic". The police guards on Allied and neutral missions were doubled to foil reprisal attacks; and the guard on the German mission was tripled.{{sfn|Craigie|1945|pp=146–147}}

Despite the minimal damage inflicted, American morale, still reeling from the attack on Pearl Harbor and Japan's subsequent territorial gains, soared when news of the raid was released.{{sfn|Glines|1988|p=219}} The Japanese press was told to describe the attack as a cruel, indiscriminate bombing against civilians, including women and children. After the war, the casualty count was 87 dead, 151 serious injuries, and more than 311 minor injuries; children were among those killed, and newspapers asked their parents to share their opinion on how the captured raiders should be treated.{{sfn|Scott|2016|loc=ch. 18}}

The Japanese Navy attempted to locate and pursue the American task force. The [[2nd Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)|Second Fleet]], its main striking force, was near [[Formosa]], returning from the [[Indian Ocean Raid]] to refit and replace its air losses. Spearheaded by five aircraft carriers and its best naval aircraft and aircrews, the Second Fleet was immediately ordered to locate and destroy the U.S. carrier force, but failed to do so, due to the American fleet choosing to head back to Hawaii (had they stayed after all, they would've found themselves attacked by the carriers ''Akagi'', {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Sōryū||2}} and {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Hiryū||2}}).{{sfn|Glines|1988|pp=75–76}}{{sfn|Craven|Cate|1983|p=441}} Nagumo and his staff on ''Akagi'' heard that an American force was near Japan but expected an attack on the next day.

The Imperial Japanese Navy also bore a special responsibility for allowing an American aircraft carrier force to approach the Japanese Home Islands in a manner similar to the IJN fleet to Hawaii in 1941, and permitting it to escape undamaged.{{refn|group=note |The Japanese, through a small amount of intercepted radio traffic between Halsey and Mitscher, were aware that an American carrier force was at large in the [[Western Pacific Ocean]] and could possibly attack Japan.{{sfn|Glines|1988|pp=60–62}}}} The fact that medium, normally land-based bombers carried out the attack confused the IJN's high command. This confusion and the knowledge that Japan was now vulnerable to air attack strengthened [[Isoroku Yamamoto|Yamamoto's]] resolve to destroy the American carrier fleet, which was not present in the [[Pearl Harbor Attack]], resulting in a decisive Japanese defeat several weeks later at the [[Battle of Midway]].{{sfnm|Glines|1988|1p=218|2a1=Prange|2a2=Goldstein|2a3=Dillon|2y=1982|2pp=22–26|Gill|1968|3p=24}}

{{blockquote|It was hoped that the damage done would be both material and psychological. Material damage was to be the destruction of specific targets with ensuing confusion and retardation of production. The psychological results, it was hoped, would be the recalling of combat equipment from other theaters for home defense thus effecting relief in those theaters, the development of a fear complex in Japan, improved relationships with our Allies, and a favorable reaction on the American people.|General James H. Doolittle, 9 July 1942.{{sfnm|Doolittle|1942|Glines|1988|2pp=215–216}}}}

After the raid the Americans were worried in April about the "still very badly undermanned west coast" and Chief of Staff [[George Marshall]] discussed a "possible attack by the Japanese upon our plants in San Diego and then a flight by those Japs down into Mexico after they have made their attack". So Secretary Stimson asked State to "touch base with their people south of the border", and Marshall flew to the West Coast on 22 May.{{sfn|Prange|Goldstein|Dillon|1982|p=66}}

An unusual consequence of the raid came after when—in the interests of secrecy—President Roosevelt answered a reporter's question by saying that the raid had been launched from "[[Shangri-La]]",<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=Winter 2008|volume=40|number=4|title=Camp David|url=https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2008/winter/camp-david.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503010745/https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2008/winter/camp-david.html|archive-date=2020-05-03|access-date=2020-09-03|magazine=National Archives - Prologue Magazine|language=en|quote=Officially a U.S. Navy installation, the facility was originally built by the Works Progress Administration as a camp for government employees, opening in 1938. President Franklin D. Roosevelt took it over in a few years and named it 'Shangri-La', for the mountain kingdom in Lost Horizon, the 1933 novel by James Hilton. It was renamed in 1953 by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in honor of his then-five-year-old grandson, Dwight David Eisenhower II. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1943-04-20|title=One year later, Tokyo raid story told|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1943/04/20/One-year-later-Tokyo-raid-story-told/8761134802538/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831134921/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1943/04/20/One-year-later-Tokyo-raid-story-told/8761134802538/|archive-date=2020-08-31|access-date=2020-09-04|website=UPI|language=en|quote=The aircraft carrier ''Hornet'' was the 'Shangri-La' from which 16 American bombers under Maj. Gen. James H. (Jimmy) Doolittle bombed Japan a year ago and all but one of the planes was wrecked on or off the China Coast after carrying out their mission 'with complete success', the first official story of the memorable raid revealed Tuesday night. A detailed War Department account of the raid said the only plane which came through unscathed was one which made a forced landing on Russian territory where its crew was interned.}}</ref> the fictional faraway land of the [[James Hilton (novelist)|James Hilton]] novel ''[[Lost Horizon]]''. The true details of the raid were revealed to the public one year later, in April 1943.<ref>[https://www.upi.com/Archives/1943/04/20/One-year-later-Tokyo-raid-story-told/8761134802538/ "One year later, Tokyo raid story told"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924184856/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1943/04/20/One-year-later-Tokyo-raid-story-told/8761134802538/ |date=24 September 2017 }}. ''UPI'', 20 April 1943.</ref> The Navy, in 1944, commissioned the {{sclass|Essex|aircraft carrier|1}} {{USS|Shangri-La|CV-38|6}}, with Doolittle's wife Josephine as the sponsor.