Editing Doñana National Park (section)

==Fauna==
Animals recorded within the park include 20 species of freshwater fish, 10 species of amphibians, 13 species of reptiles, 37 species of mammals and 360 non-marine bird species, of which 127 have bred in the park.

===Fish===
Native fish such as eel inhabit Doñana as well as introduced species such as carp, and the gambusia, or pike, which is considered an invasive threat to local ecosystems. Also, you could find the sturgeon in the past because nowadays is extinct.<ref>{{cite web |title=Los peces de Doñana |url=https://www.discoveringdonana.com/es/peces-donana/ |website=Discovering Doñana |date=14 February 2010 |access-date=9 December 2020}}</ref>

===Reptiles===
Reptiles found in Doñana Park include the [[European pond turtle]], [[Spanish pond turtle]], [[spur-thighed tortoise]], [[Iberian worm lizard]], [[Bedriaga's skink]], [[western three-toed skink]], [[common wall gecko]], [[spiny-footed lizard]], [[ocellated lizard]], [[Carbonell's wall lizard]], [[Andalusian wall lizard]], ''[[Psammodromus manuelae]]'', [[Spanish psammodromus]], [[horseshoe whip snake]], [[ladder snake]], [[southern smooth snake]], [[Montpellier snake]], [[false smooth snake]], [[viperine snake]], [[grass snake]], [[Lataste's viper]], [[loggerhead turtle]] and [[leatherback turtle]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Iglesias |first1=José Antonio Sánchez |title=Reptiles of Doñana |url=https://www.discoveringdonana.com/reptiles-donana/ |website=Discovering Doñana |date=8 January 2010 |access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref>

===Birds===
[[File:Ardea purpurea0.jpg|thumb|Purple heron]]
Over 300 species of bird have been recorded in the area, including range-restricted species such as [[Spanish imperial eagle]], [[marbled teal]], [[white-headed duck]] and [[red-knobbed coot]]. Wetland species include [[glossy ibis]], [[western swamphen]], [[ferruginous duck]], [[Eurasian spoonbill]], [[red-crested pochard]], [[little egret|little]] and [[cattle egret]], [[black-crowned night heron|night]] and [[squacco heron]] and [[greater flamingo]], whilst the surrounding areas can have [[Eurasian hoopoe|hoopoe]], [[stone-curlew]], [[Spanish sparrow]], [[Mediterranean short-toed lark]] and [[pin-tailed sandgrouse]]. The site also attracts many summer migrants, which can include [[purple heron]], [[gull-billed tern]], [[greater short-toed lark]], [[short-toed eagle]], [[European roller]], [[western olivaceous warbler]], [[Savi's warbler]], [[little bittern]], [[booted eagle]], [[whiskered tern]] and [[rufous scrub robin]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Birds in Coto Donana |url=http://www.easybirder.co.uk/The_Coto_Donana.html |website=Easy Birder |access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref>

===Mammals===
38 mammal species have been recorded, including twelve species of bat, [[red deer]], [[European rabbit]], [[European hedgehog]], [[common genet]], [[wildcat]], [[wild boar]], [[Iberian lynx]], [[garden dormouse]], [[Egyptian mongoose]], [[greater white-toothed shrew]], [[Eurasian otter]], [[wood mouse]], [[European polecat]], [[red fox]], [[European badger]], [[Mediterranean pine vole]], [[southwestern water vole]] and [[black rat]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Iglesias |first1=José Antonio Sánchez |title=Mammals of Doñana |url=https://www.discoveringdonana.com/mammals-donana/ |website=Discovering Doñana |date=21 March 2010 |access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Linces1.jpg|thumb|[[Iberian lynx]], an emblematic species of the park]]

====Iberian lynx====
{{Main|Iberian lynx}}
The Iberian lynx, whose habitat is restricted to the Iberian Peninsula, is the most endangered of the big cats. Precipitous drops in population counts led to its being declared a protected species in 1966. The only extant colonies of the Iberian lynx are in the Natural Parks of Sierra de Andujar and Cardena, Montoro, and Doñana with its surroundings; the other mainland colonies of former times are considered extinct. In Portugal recovery efforts to preserve its remaining habitat have resulted in the creation of the Sierra Malcata Natural Reserve.

The Acebuche Breeding Centre in Doñana has developed a captive breeding program which has achieved the survival of eleven individuals born in the centre, and of over thirty captured in the park, whose survival was otherwise doubtful. These conservation efforts are threatened by a high mortality rate among the cats and recurring violations of laws prohibiting cars from entering the park or driving on its roads, although, as some agencies have reported, the causes of death are not always clear. The precarious survival situation of this animal has become an emblematic symbol of the park for the general public.

====Horses====
In Doñana there are two indigenous breeds of horse: the [[Marismeño]] and the [[Retuertas]]; the latter is one of the oldest European breeds,<ref>{{cite web|title=Rare Horses Released In Spain As Part Of 'Rewilding' Effort|website=NPR|date=9 January 2014|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2014/01/08/260777584/after-2-000-years-wild-horses-again-roam-western-spain|publisher=National Public Radio (USA) 9 Jan 2014|last1=Frayer|first1=Lauren}}</ref> dating to perhaps 1000 BC, and the only one living in the wild and isolated from other populations.<ref name="ElMundo2016">{{cite news|author1=Olalla Cernuda|title=Identifican en Doñana la raza de caballos más antigua de Europa {{!}} elmundo.es|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2007/05/30/ciencia/1180521072.html|access-date=29 December 2017|work=www.elmundo.es|publisher=Unidad Editorial S.A|date=1 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625041938/http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2007/05/30/ciencia/1180521072.html|archive-date=June 25, 2016|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thinkspain.com/news-spain/13544/free-as-the-wind-old-as-the-hills |title=Free as the wind, old as the hills by: Samantha Kett, Tuesday, August 7, 2007 |access-date=April 6, 2014 |archive-date=April 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402175916/http://www.thinkspain.com/news-spain/13544/free-as-the-wind-old-as-the-hills |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Camels====
During the 19th and 20th centuries, a herd of feral [[dromedaries]] roamed the area. They may have been introduced during the [[Moorish Conquest of Spain]] in the 8th century, or they may have escaped from a herd introduced from the [[Canary Islands]] in 1829 by the [[Marquis de Molina]] as beasts of burden.<ref>{{cite book |title=Wild Spain |last=Chapman |first=Abel |author-link=Abel Chapman |author2=Walter John Buck |year=1893 |publisher=Gurney and Jackson |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/wildspainrecord00buckgoog/page/n154 94]–101 |url=https://archive.org/details/wildspainrecord00buckgoog }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Unexplored Spain |last=Chapman |first=Abel |author-link=Abel Chapman |author2=Walter John Buck |year=1910 |publisher=E. Arnold |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6M4qAAAAYAAJ/page/n346 275]–282 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6M4qAAAAYAAJ }}</ref> By the 1950s, there were only eight individuals left, and these were threatened by poachers.<ref>{{cite book |title=Unknown Europe |last=Meissner |first=Hans Otto |author-link=Hans Otto Meissner |others=trans. Florence and Isabel McHugh |year=1963 |publisher=Blackie & Sons |location=London and Glasgow |pages=100–124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxURAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> By the early 1960s, there were only three, but more were released into the wild after being used in the filming of ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]'' in 1962.<ref>{{cite book |title=Spain |last=Morris |first=Jan |author-link=Jan Morris |year=1979 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |page=[https://archive.org/details/spain00morr/page/90 90] |isbn=978-0-19-520169-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/spain00morr|url-access=registration }}</ref>