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==Safety== [[File:Geibeltbad Pirna 01.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A jump from a 10 metre diving platform that has been performed by taking a running start. A running start increases the difficulty of the jump and the chances that the person may over rotate and impact the water with their stomach or back instead of their feet.<ref name="5 October 2009"/> Germany. 2007]] === Recreational diving === [[File:Strandbad Utting am Ammersee.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Lakeside diving platforms in Strandbad Utting am Ammersee, Germany. 2009]] {{See also|Cliff jumping#Dangers}} After an incident in [[Washington (state)|Washington]] in 1993, most US and other pool builders are reluctant to equip a residential [[swimming pool]] with a diving springboard so home diving pools are much less common these days. In the incident, 14-year-old Shawn Meneely made a "suicide dive" (holding his hands at his sides, so that his head hit the bottom first) in a private swimming pool and became a [[tetraplegia|tetraplegic]]. The lawyers for the family, Jan Eric Peterson and Fred Zeder, successfully sued the diving board manufacturer, the pool builder, and the National Spa and Pool Institute over the inappropriate depth of the pool.<ref name=Brown>{{cite news |first=AmyJo|last=Brown|title=No Diving?|url=http://www.poolspanews.com/2004/012/012diving.html|publisher=Pool & Spa News| date=30 January 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040304034008/http://www.poolspanews.com/2004/012/012diving.html|archive-date=4 March 2004 |access-date=15 April 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Deep Impact: Back Yard Danger | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/deep-impact-back-yard-danger/|publisher=[[CBS News]]|work=[[60 Minutes II]]|date=2 June 1999|access-date=5 January 2012}}</ref> The NSPI had specified a minimum depth of 7 ft 6 in (2.29 m) which proved to be insufficient in the above case. The pool into which Meneely dived was not constructed to the published standards. The standards had changed after the diving board was installed on the non-compliant pool by the homeowner. But the courts held that the pool "was close enough" to the standards to hold NSPI liable. The multimillion-dollar lawsuit was eventually resolved in 2001 for US$6.6 million ($8 million after interest was added) in favour of the plaintiff.<ref>Appeals Court State of WA, Docket Number:18036-1-III Title: Shawn Meneely, et al. v. S. R. Smith, Inc., et al.</ref> The NSPI was held to be liable, and was financially strained by the case. It filed twice for [[Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 11]] bankruptcy protection and was successfully reorganised into a new swimming pool industry association.<ref name=Brown/> === Spinal cord injuries === {{further|Spinal cord injury|Paraplegia|Quadriplegia}} [[File:Nodiving.jpg|thumb|right|A sign prohibiting diving at a beach in [[Kirkland, Washington]]. 2007]] It has been commented that for spinal cord injuries related to diving board use in the United States<ref name="November 2003">{{cite web|url=http://www.divingboardsafety.net/AIR_report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117020347/http://www.divingboardsafety.net/AIR_report.pdf |archive-date=17 November 2010 |url-status=usurped|title=Review of spinal cord injury statistics related to diving and diving board use|publisher=American Institutes for Research|date=21 November 2003|access-date=8 December 2010}}</ref> that "For the purposes of obtaining rough estimates of diving board-related injury risks," the estimated "...rate of SCI [Spinal Cord Injury] due to diving into swimming pools from diving boards to be on the order of 0.028 per 100,000 swimmers..."<ref name="November 2003"/><ref>In the article "Review of spinal cord injury statistics related to diving and diving board use" (November 2003) it is commented that; "For the purposes of obtaining rough estimates of diving board-related injury risks, we present an estimate of diving board-related SCI [Spinal Cord Injury] rates with caveats. It important to note that these injury rates... ...• Do not consider the frequency or duration of swimming by participants in aquatic activities, and • Do not consider how risk varies according to demographic and environmental factors, such as age, gender, pool type, diving board type, or setting (i.e., residential, community center, etc.)"</ref> === Submerged objects === {{See also|Cliff jumping#Dangers}} Many diving accidents occur when divers do not account for submerged objects in the water such as rocks and logs.<ref name="RoSPA Tombstoning">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rospa.com/leisure-water-safety/water/advice/tombstoning|title=Tombstoning – 'Don't jump into the unknown'|work=RoSPA|access-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107022152/https://www.rospa.com/leisure-water-safety/water/advice/tombstoning|archive-date=7 January 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Because of this many beaches and pools prohibit diving in shallow waters or when a [[lifeguard]] is not on duty.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview of Diving Injuries - Injuries and Poisoning |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-in/home/injuries-and-poisoning/diving-and-compressed-air-injuries/overview-of-diving-injuries |access-date=16 March 2023 |website=MSD Manual Consumer Version |language=en-IN}}</ref> It was commetend that "...shallow dives can end up in death or permanent injury."<ref name="8 June 1989">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deseret.com/1989/6/8/18810510/cliffs-plus-diving-danger-water-gravity-can-turn-thriller-into-a-killer|title=CLIFFS PLUS DIVING = DANGER: WATER, GRAVITY CAN TURN THRILLER INTO A KILLER|date=8 June 1989|work=Deseret News|access-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315093340/https://www.deseret.com/1989/6/8/18810510/cliffs-plus-diving-danger-water-gravity-can-turn-thriller-into-a-killer|archive-date=15 March 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and that in 1988 on Lake Powell a person "...was left a quadriplegic after diving just 5 feet off a houseboat into the murky lake."<ref name="8 June 1989"/> ===Impact with water=== [[File:2023-09-24 Glyptofreunde RhodosTour Beach 10.jpg|thumb|right|Diving platforms at a beach in Greece. 2023]] Water resistance increases with the speed of entry, so entering the water at high-velocity induces rapid deceleration.<ref name="5 October 2009">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapquest.com/travel/outdoor-activities/water-sports/cliff-diving.htm|title=How Cliff Diving Works|last=Kolich |first=Heather|work=mapquest|date=5 October 2009 |access-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524072549/https://www.mapquest.com/travel/outdoor-activities/water-sports/cliff-diving.htm|archive-date=24 May 2024|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="8 June 1989"/> Jumping into water from a height of 20 feet (6.1 m) results in a person impacting with the water surface at 25 mph (40 km/h).<ref name="5 October 2009"/> Impacting with the water surface at this velocity is capable of giving a person [[Getting the wind knocked out of you|temporary paralysis of the diaphragm]],<ref name="8 June 1989" /> a [[vertebral compression fracture|compressed spine]], broken bones, or [[concussion]].<ref name="April 2018"/><ref name="5 October 2009"/> The speed that a diver is travelling at the water surface when they dive from a ten-metre platform is around 35 mph<ref name="April 2018">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/commonwealth-games/commonwealth-games-2018-tom-daley-diving-event-injury-latest-news-a8297131.html|title=Commonwealth Games 2018: Tom Daley forced to withdraw from individual event with hip injury|date=10 April 2018|last=McGeehan|first=Matt|work=The independent|access-date=14 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410105143/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/commonwealth-games/commonwealth-games-2018-tom-daley-diving-event-injury-latest-news-a8297131.html|archive-date=10 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and when a diver hits the water flat from 10 metres they are brought to rest in about 1 ft. The extreme deceleration when hitting the water flat at around 35 mph can cause severe bruising both internal and external, strains to connective tissue securing the organs, possible minor haemorrhaging to lungs and other tissues possibly resulting in a person coughing up blood,<ref name="August 2023">{{Cite news|url=https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/celebs-tv/tom-daley-gives-tour-second-8663644|title=Tom Daley gives tour of his 'second home' and where he won Olympic gold|date=8 August 2023|last=Ball|first=Elliot|work=Plymouth Herald|access-date=30 May 2024|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240529155804/https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/celebs-tv/tom-daley-gives-tour-second-8663644 |archive-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> a [[vertebral compression fracture|compressed spine]], broken bones, or [[concussion]].<ref name="April 2018"/><ref name="5 October 2009"/> This is very painful and distressing, but not life-threatening. Tom Daley has described one concussion that occurred to him "I missed my hands before the Beijing World Series and smashed my head at 35mph on to the water...".<ref name="April 2018"/> The concussion resulted in him receiving "headaches, nausea, dizziness...".<ref name="April 2018"/> It also resulted in Daley being "...out of action for six days and left him unable to dive off his competition height of 10m for three weeks."<ref name="April 2018"/> It was commented that in 1989 a 22-year-old, who was a "...diver and a member of the Salt Lake Country Club diving team... ...climbed up on a set of towering rocks... ...about 60 feet..."<ref name="8 June 1989"/> (18.2 metres). He dove into the water doing a "back flip."<ref name="8 June 1989"/> He never surfaced from the water and was found several days later 120 feet below the surface.<ref name="8 June 1989"/> The 22-year-old was found to have suffered a broken neck.<ref name="8 June 1989"/> === Competitive diving === [[File:Diving tower at the 2008 EC.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Diving platforms in Eindhoven, Germany. 2008]] In competitive diving, FINA takes regulatory steps to ensure that athletes are protected from the inherent dangers of the sport. For example, they impose restrictions according to age on the heights of platforms which divers may compete on. * Group D (11 & under): 5 m * Group C (12/13 year): 5 m & 7.5 m * Group B (14/15 year): 5 m, 7.5 m & 10 m * Group A (16/18 year): 5 m, 7.5 m & 10 m Group D divers have only recently been allowed to compete on the tower. In the past, the age group could compete only springboard, to discourage children from taking on the greater risks of tower diving. Group D tower was introduced to counteract the phenomenon of coaches pushing young divers to compete in higher age categories, thus putting them at even greater risk. However, some divers may safely dive in higher age categories to dive on higher platforms. Usually this occurs when advanced Group C divers wish to compete on the 10 m. Points on pool depths in connection with diving safety: * most competition pools are 5 m deep for 10 m platform and 4 m deep for 5 m platform or 3 m springboard. These are currently the FINA recommended minimum depths, however some pools are deeper. The deepest diving pool in Europe is in [[Ponds Forge|Ponds Forge International Sports Centre]] at 5.85 m. * diving from 10 m and maintaining a downward streamlined position results in gliding to a stop at about 4.5–5 m. * high standard competition divers rarely go more than about 2.5m below the surface, as they roll in the direction of the dive's rotation. This is a technique to produce a clean entry. === Competitive diving injuries === [[File:Rio 2016. Polo aquatico. a33 11 (28660877160).jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Maria Lenk Aquatic Centre during the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.]] It has been commented that "Competitive diving poses unique risks for both traumatic and overuse injuries in practice and competition."<ref name="November 2023">{{cite journal |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28902759/ |title=Competitive Diving Injuries: An Epidemiologic Review |author1=Derek Day |author2=Eleanor A. Belilos |author3=Matthew D. Maxwell |date=November 2023 |publisher=Elsevier |journal=Current Emergency and Hospital Medicine Reports |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=351–356 |doi=10.1249/JSR.0000000000000401 |pmid=28902759 |access-date=29 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610081809/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28902759/|archive-date=10 June 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was commented further that "Head, cervical spine, shoulder, and lumbar spine injuries among others are not uncommon, though rates vary significantly in the literature. Existing data suggest that as the level of competition elevates, traumatic injuries (including head injury) become relatively less common, while overuse injuries predominate."<ref name="November 2023"/> It has also been commented that "The most frequently injured areas are the wrist, shoulder, and lumbar spine."<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10230565/ |title=The basics of competitive diving and its injuries |author=B D Rubin |date=April 1999|publisher=Elsevier |journal=Clinics in Sports Medicine |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=293–303 |doi=10.1016/s0278-5919(05)70145-9 |access-date=29 May 2024 |pmid=10230565 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610081744/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10230565/|archive-date=10 June 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> When looking at "...(NCAA) swimming and diving injuries from 2009 to 2014... ...[it was found that there was] an injury rate of 1.94 injuries per 1000 athlete exposures (AE) for males and 2.49 injuries per 1000 AE for females, with more injuries happening during practice over competition."<ref name="2017 Diving injuries"/> It has also been found that "...2.1% of divers were injured in the 2008 Olympics... [and] ...8.1% of divers were injured in the 2012 Olympics."<ref name="2017 Diving injuries"/> It was further found that "...during the (FINA) World Championships of 2015, 2013, and 2009... ...older athletes in the diving, high diving, and water polo groups were in the highest risk group for injury."<ref name="2017 Diving injuries"/> In relation to springboard diving it has been commented that "The injury-producing forces during the takeoff are related to jumping and deceleration... ...The most common injuries related to this part of the dive are patellar tendinitis, patellar tracking problems, quadriceps tendinitis, Jumper’s knee and patellofemoral compression syndrome commonly caused by repetitive stress placed on the patellar or quadriceps tendon during jumping. Vertical jump ability, as well as jumping and landing technique, are believed to influence tendon loading."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/3-reasons-for-knee-pain-during-your-diving-takeoff/ |title= 3 Reasons for Knee Pain During Your Diving Takeoff|author1=Jeff Comings |author2=G. John Mullen |date=21 May 2014 |publisher=Swimming World Magazine |access-date=29 May 2024 }}</ref> It has also been commented that 10-metre platform diving can also "...cause repetitive strain injuries from repeatedly pushing off the concrete platform."<ref name="July 2021">{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/olympics/story/2021-07-29/broken-wrists-concussions-brutal-nature-olympics-diving |title=Broken wrists, twisted necks and concussions: The brutal nature of Olympic diving |date=29 July 2021 |last=Wharton|first=David |newspaper=LA Times |access-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240525094029/https://www.latimes.com/sports/olympics/story/2021-07-29/broken-wrists-concussions-brutal-nature-olympics-diving |archive-date=25 May 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> It has further been commented that "Concussions are relatively common, as are pulmonary contusions in which the force of impact bruises the lungs."<ref name="July 2021"/> Other injuries that may occur include torn triceps muscles,<ref name="July 2021"/> torn ACL ligaments<ref name="July 2021"/> and lower back issues.<ref name="July 2021"/> When entering the water divers spread their arms and somersault "...either forward or backward underwater...[giving] the illusion of a vertical entry and pull extra water down that hole with them in a maneuver that stresses lower back muscles and hip flexors."<ref name="July 2021"/> When divers performs this underwater somersault, it is extremely inadvisable to attempt to scoop the trajectory underwater against the rotation as it can cause serious back injuries. Injuries that diver Tom Daley has received include "...concussions, torn triceps, broken ribs, [as well as having] coughed up blood."<ref name="August 2023"/> Tom also has a scar on the top of his head<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sport/tom-daley-i-swear-underwater-a-lot/|title=Tom Daley: I swear underwater a lot|date=18 July 2011|work=Radio Times|access-date=4 June 2024 |archive-date=4 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604075725/https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sport/tom-daley-i-swear-underwater-a-lot/|url-status=live}}</ref> from hitting his head on the diving board. Tom has also described the deterioration of a knee injury that he received; "During the [[COVID-19 lockdowns|first lockdown in 2020]] I’d torn some cartilage in my knee, but there was no pain and I continued to train. Just when the Olympics was only eight weeks away my knee got tighter and tighter, like a screw being turned. It became locked in a position and I couldn’t straighten it or bend it... ...We booked a scan. We thought maybe it just needed an injection to get it moving again. The doctor also mooted the idea that it might need keyhole surgery. From there I was sent for an MRI scan. From the scan, we could see that the cartilage had not only torn, it had also flipped up and the joint had come back down on top of it... ...It can be flattened and sewn back down, but the surgeon described it as being a bit like a bent credit card that may snap up again or cause more problems. The only other way to fix the problem was to take it out. “There is a recovery time of four to six weeks,” the doctor said... ...A couple of weeks after surgery, I was back in the pool, building my diving back up again."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/article/tom-daleys-covid-ordeal-my-oxygen-levels-were-dropping-zpnncx5mb|title=Tom Daley's Covid ordeal: 'My oxygen levels were dropping'|last=Mulkerrins|first=Jane|date=1 October 2021|work=[[The Times]]|access-date=30 May 2024|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220801043524/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/tom-daleys-covid-ordeal-my-oxygen-levels-were-dropping-zpnncx5mb |archive-date=1 August 2022}}</ref> === Competitive diving deaths === In 1983, at the World University Games in Edmonton, Canada, diver Sergei Chalibashvili, aged 21, died when he was attempting a reverse 3 1/2-somersault and his head collided with the hardwood 10 metre diving platform.<ref name="July 1983">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1983/07/17/soviet-diver-is-dead-a-week-after-accident/7caa3625-df9d-47ea-862b-aa67c6c49804/|title=Soviet Diver Is Dead A Week After Accident|date=17 July 1983|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130190907/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1983/07/17/soviet-diver-is-dead-a-week-after-accident/7caa3625-df9d-47ea-862b-aa67c6c49804/|archive-date=30 January 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> After the accident he was taken to hospital and died a week later.<ref name="July 1983"/> In 1987 during training diver Nathan Meade, aged 21, died when he struck his head on a 10 metre concrete platform.<ref name="October 1987">{{Cite news|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/10/22/Nathan-Meade-one-of-Australias-premier-divers-was-killed/9630561873600/|title=Nathan Meade, one of Australia's premier divers, was killed... |date=22 October 1987|work=UPI|access-date=29 May 2024|archive-date=29 May 2024|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240529133826/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/10/22/Nathan-Meade-one-of-Australias-premier-divers-was-killed/9630561873600/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The dive he was attempting was a reverse 2 1/2 somersault.<ref name="October 1987"/>
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